State of the Bay Report 2010-Final - Anchor Environmental

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Anchor Environmental 12 ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES IN SALDANHA BAY-LANGEBAAN LAGOON To date, an estimated 85 marine species have been recorded as introduced to South African waters mostly though shipping activities or mariculture (Mead et al. in prep). At least 62 of these are thought to occur in Saldanha Bay-Langebaan Lagoon (Table 12.1). Many of these are considered invasive, including the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the European green crab Carcinus maenas (Griffiths et al. 1992; Robinson et al. 2005) and the recently detected barnacle Balanus glandula (Laird and Griffiths, in press). An additional twenty five species are currently regarded as cryptogenic (of unknown origin – i.e. potentially introduced) but very likely introduced. Comprehensive genetic analyses are required to determine their definite status, however (Griffiths et al. 2008). Most of the introduced species in this country have been found in sheltered areas such as harbours, and are believed to have been introduced through shipping activities, mostly ballast water. Because ballast water tends to be loaded in sheltered harbours the species that are transported originate from these habitats and have a difficult time adapting to South Africa’s exposed coast. This might explain the low number of introduced species that have become invasive along the coast (Griffiths et al. 2008). Future surveys in the Bay will be used to confirm the presence of all listed species and will be used to ascertain if any additional or newly arrived introduced species are present. Information on this nature for a newly discovered marine alien species known only from Saldanha Bay and identified through the State of the Bay monitoring programme is presented below Table 12.1. List of introduced and cryptogenic species from Saldanha Bay-Langebaan Lagoon. Occurrence is listed as confirmed or likely (not confirmed from the Bay but inferred from their distribution in the region). Region of origin and likely vector for introduction (SB = ship boring, SF = ship fouling, BW = ballast water, BS = solid ballast, OR = oil rigs, M = mariculture, F = Fisheries activities, I = intentional release) are also listed. (Data from Mead et al. in prep. a & b) Taxon PROTOCTISTA Occurrence in Saldanha Bay Origin Vector Mirofolliculina limnoriae Likely Unknown SB Zoothamnium sp. Likely Unknown SF DINOFLAGELLATA Alexandrium tamarense-complex: Likely N Atlantic/N Pacific BW Alexandrium minutum Likely Europe BW Dinophysis acuminata Likely Europe BW PORIFERA Suberites tylobtusa Likely Red Sea F CNIDARIA Anthozoa Sagartia ornata Confirmed Europe SF/BW Metridium senile Likely N Atlantic/N Pacific SF/OR Hydrozoa Pachycordyle navis Likely Europe SF/BW Coryne eximia Likely N Atlantic/N Pacific SF/BW Pinauay larynx Likely North Atlantic SF/BW Pinauay ralphi Likely North Atlantic SF/BW State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon 252
Taxon Anchor Environmental Occurrence in Saldanha Bay Origin Vector Laomedea calceolifera Likely North Atlantic SF/BW Gonothyraea loveni Likely North Atlantic SF/BW Obelia bidentata Confirmed Unknown SF/BW Obelia dichotoma Confirmed Unknown SF/BW Obelia geniculata Confirmed Unknown SF/BW ANNELIDA Polychaeta Boccardia proboscidea* Likely Eastern Pacific SF/BW Capitella sp. / spp. complex Likely Unknown SF/BW Polydora hoplura Confirmed Europe SF/BW Dodecaceria fewkesi Likely North American Pacific SF/BW Hydroides elegans Likely Indo-Pacific SF/BW Neodexiospira brasiliensis Likely Indo-Pacific SF/BW Janua pagenstecheri Likely Europe SF/BW Simplicaria pseudomilitaris Likely Unknown SF/BW CRUSTACEA Cirripedia Balanus glandula Confirmed North American Pacific SF/BW Isopoda Dynamene bidentata Likely Europe SF/BW Paracerceis sculpta Likely Northeast Pacific SF/BW Synidotea hirtipes Confirmed Indian Ocean SF/BW Synidotea variegata Confirmed Indo-Pacific SF/BW Ligia exotica Confirmed Unknown SB Limnoria quadripunctata Confirmed Unknown SB Limnoria tripunctata Confirmed Unknown SB Amphipoda Chelura terebrans Confirmed Pacific Ocean SF/SB Ischyrocerus anguipes Confirmed North Atlantic SF/BW Erichthonius brasiliensis Confirmed North Atlantic SF/BW Cymadusa filosa Likely Unknown BS Caprella equilibra Confirmed Unknown SF/BW Caprella penantis Confirmed Unknown SF/BW Paracaprella pusilla Confirmed Unknown SF/BW Jassa marmorata Likely North Atlantic SF/BW Jassa slatteryi Confirmed North Pacific SF/BW Orchestia gammarella Confirmed Europe BS Cerapus tubularis Confirmed North American Atlantic BS Decapoda Carcinus maenas Confirmed Europe SF/BW/OR INSECTA Coleoptera Cafius xantholoma Likely Europe BS MOLLUSCA State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon 253
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State of the Bay 2010: Saldanha Bay
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Anchor Environmen
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11 BIRDS 234 Anchor Environmental 1
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LIST OF FIGURES Anchor Environmenta
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Anchor Environmental Figure 4.27. O
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Anchor Environmental Figure 7.3. Ch
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Anchor Environmental Figure 9.10. C
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Anchor Environmental Figure 12.1. N
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Anchor Environmental samples were c
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Anchor Environmen
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Anchor Environmental matter in the
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Anchor Environmental considered mos
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Anchor Environmental again in 2004,
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Anchor Environmental Populations of
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GLOSSARY Alien species An introduce
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1 INTRODUCTION Anchor Environmental
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2 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT Anchor E
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Anchor Environmental complicates ma
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Anchor Environmental observed deter
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Anchor Environmental 4 ACTIVITIES A
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Fish factories Small craft harbour
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Anchor Environmental Aerial photogr
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Anchor Environmental interferes wit
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Anchor Environmental Figure 4.7. Nu
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o Decrease in oxygen concentrations
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Anchor Environmental Upgrades to th
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Anchor Environmental Figure 4.9. A)
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Anchor Environmental (possibly link
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Anchor Environmental Prestedge Reti
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Anchor Environmental the constructi
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Number and types of vessels enterin
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Anchor Environmental is contained b
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Anchor Environmental include the be
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o 33 3’S o 33 10’S Saldanha Bay
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Anchor Environmental (1956) UNDER T
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Free ACtive Chlorine (mg/l) Amonia
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Faecal coliforms (org/100 ml) Chemi
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4.3.7 Storm water Anchor Environmen
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Anchor Environmental sites (concent
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Anchor Environmental Discharges fro
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Anchor Environmental Table 4.9. Det
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5 WATER QUALITY Anchor Environmenta
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Anchor Environmental Stander (1977)
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Anchor Environmental coast, result
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Anchor Environmental likely as a re
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Anchor Environmental Construction o
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Anchor Environmental Table 5.2. Per
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Counts per 100ml of sample Counts p
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Counts per 100ml of sample 10000 10
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5.6 Trace Metal Contaminants in the
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Lead(mg/kg) Mercury (mg/kg) Cadmium
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6 SEDIMENTS 6.1 Sediment particle s
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6.1.2 Sediment Particle size result
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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
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% POC 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 % PO
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Percentage Percentage 1.8 1.6 1.4 1
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o 33 3’S o 33 10’S Yacht Club B
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Figure 6.12. Variation in the conce
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The concentrations of metals in sed
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concentrations are 56 and 29 times
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threshold of 1.2 mg/kg established
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Cadmium (mg/kg) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 C
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Copper (mg/kg) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
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16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4
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In summary, elevated trace metal co
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6.5 Summary of sediment health stat
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7.1 Long term changes in seagrass i
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7.2 Long term changes in Saltmarshe
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Figure 8.1. Benthic macrofauna samp
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Table 8.1. Depth at each of the sit
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these species usually provide the l
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(clustering of similar groups) (Meg
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The Big Bay samples BB 25 and BB29
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2007/08 dredging. Other signs of th
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Wet mass per m² Wet mass per m² 4
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Big Bay Crustaceans and polychaetes
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Average number of individuals per m
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Number Individuals per m² Number I
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8.4.2 Abundance Biomass Indices 8.4
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and percentage organic nitrogen (PO
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Table 8.5. W statistics at all stat
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Figure 8.15: Variation in the diver
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percentage of mud compared to Lange
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Cu (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg) Pb
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contaminants. Furthermore dredging
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areas even 5 months after the clear
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Brittle star ( Ophiuroidea spp) Sea
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9.2 Approach and Methodology 9.2.1
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cover data for both mobile and sess
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9.2.3 Data Analysis The similaritie
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40%, co-occurring with sponges espe
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stands of the kelp Ecklonia maxima
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Page 205 and 206: Percentage Cover 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 207 and 208: Evenness Shannon Wiener 0.9 0.8 0.7
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Page 239 and 240: their main prey species, sardines a
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Page 245 and 246: Number of breeding pairs 800 700 60
Page 247 and 248: 11.3 Birds of Langebaan Lagoon 11.3
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Page 279 and 280: Anchor Environmental Tunley KL, Att
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State of the Bay Report 2010-Final - Anchor Environmental

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