State of the Bay Report 2010-Final - Anchor Environmental
State of the Bay Report 2010-Final - Anchor Environmental
State of the Bay Report 2010-Final - Anchor Environmental
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<strong>Anchor</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong><br />
12 ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES IN SALDANHA BAY-LANGEBAAN<br />
LAGOON<br />
To date, an estimated 85 marine species have been recorded as introduced to South African<br />
waters mostly though shipping activities or mariculture (Mead et al. in prep). At least 62 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
are thought to occur in Saldanha <strong>Bay</strong>-Langebaan Lagoon (Table 12.1). Many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se are considered<br />
invasive, including <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, <strong>the</strong> European green crab<br />
Carcinus maenas (Griffiths et al. 1992; Robinson et al. 2005) and <strong>the</strong> recently detected barnacle<br />
Balanus glandula (Laird and Griffiths, in press). An additional twenty five species are currently<br />
regarded as cryptogenic (<strong>of</strong> unknown origin – i.e. potentially introduced) but very likely introduced.<br />
Comprehensive genetic analyses are required to determine <strong>the</strong>ir definite status, however (Griffiths<br />
et al. 2008).<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> introduced species in this country have been found in sheltered areas such as<br />
harbours, and are believed to have been introduced through shipping activities, mostly ballast<br />
water. Because ballast water tends to be loaded in sheltered harbours <strong>the</strong> species that are<br />
transported originate from <strong>the</strong>se habitats and have a difficult time adapting to South Africa’s<br />
exposed coast. This might explain <strong>the</strong> low number <strong>of</strong> introduced species that have become invasive<br />
along <strong>the</strong> coast (Griffiths et al. 2008).<br />
Future surveys in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Bay</strong> will be used to confirm <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> all listed species and will be<br />
used to ascertain if any additional or newly arrived introduced species are present. Information on<br />
this nature for a newly discovered marine alien species known only from Saldanha <strong>Bay</strong> and identified<br />
through <strong>the</strong> <strong>State</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Bay</strong> monitoring programme is presented below<br />
Table 12.1. List <strong>of</strong> introduced and cryptogenic species from Saldanha <strong>Bay</strong>-Langebaan Lagoon. Occurrence<br />
is listed as confirmed or likely (not confirmed from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Bay</strong> but inferred from <strong>the</strong>ir distribution<br />
in <strong>the</strong> region). Region <strong>of</strong> origin and likely vector for introduction (SB = ship boring, SF = ship<br />
fouling, BW = ballast water, BS = solid ballast, OR = oil rigs, M = mariculture, F = Fisheries<br />
activities, I = intentional release) are also listed. (Data from Mead et al. in prep. a & b)<br />
Taxon<br />
PROTOCTISTA<br />
Occurrence<br />
in Saldanha<br />
<strong>Bay</strong> Origin Vector<br />
Mir<strong>of</strong>olliculina limnoriae Likely Unknown SB<br />
Zoothamnium sp. Likely Unknown SF<br />
DINOFLAGELLATA<br />
Alexandrium tamarense-complex: Likely N Atlantic/N Pacific BW<br />
Alexandrium minutum Likely Europe BW<br />
Dinophysis acuminata Likely Europe BW<br />
PORIFERA<br />
Suberites tylobtusa Likely Red Sea F<br />
CNIDARIA<br />
Anthozoa<br />
Sagartia ornata Confirmed Europe SF/BW<br />
Metridium senile Likely N Atlantic/N Pacific SF/OR<br />
Hydrozoa<br />
Pachycordyle navis Likely Europe SF/BW<br />
Coryne eximia Likely N Atlantic/N Pacific SF/BW<br />
Pinauay larynx Likely North Atlantic SF/BW<br />
Pinauay ralphi Likely North Atlantic SF/BW<br />
<strong>State</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Bay</strong> <strong>2010</strong>: Saldanha <strong>Bay</strong> and Langebaan Lagoon 252