10 Draft Integrated Waste Management Plan - City Council - City of ...

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2012 Davis Integrated Waste Management Plan Data from other jurisdictions that have passed similar carryout bag laws show that this is a successful way to encourage reusable bags. Washington DC imposed a 5 cent fee on both paper and plastic single-use bags in 2009. Since then they have reduced single use bags by 80%. According to CAW, each Californian uses an estimated average of 375 plastic bags and 72 paper bags every year. In Davis, that equates to an annual total of approximately 24.6 million plastic bags and 4.7 million paper bags. The NRC approved staff’s draft carryout bag ordinance in March 2012. At the September 25, 2012 City Council meeting, the Council directed staff to look into re-writing the ordinance to charge a fee for plastic and paper single-use bags. They directed staff to come back to Council early January with an updated draft ordinance. It is important to note that if the Council does pass a carryout bag ordinance, the ordinance would not likely go into effect until 6 months to 1 year from ordinance adoption. The City could also allow 6 months from implementation for full compliance, as stores adjust their practices and use up their current supply of plastic carryout bags. 7.2.6 Expanded Polystyrene Reduction Polystyrene (PS) resin granules impregnated with a blowing agent (typically pentane) creates “expandable (or “expanded”) polystyrene” (EPS), often called Styrofoam TM (a trademarked form of EPS). Expanding beads fuse together to form the finished product, which is white, and generally made up of 90 to 95% air. EPS is estimated at 0.8% (by weight) of the materials landfilled. However, due to its lightweight nature, its volume is much greater. Small EPS beads are used for cups and containers, medium beads for shape-molded packaging, and large beads for the expanded loose-fill packaging (peanuts). It insulates, is lightweight, and resists moisture. Loose-fill peanuts sold in California that contain recycled material are often colored green. Polystyrene food packaging is lightweight and aerodynamic, so it is easily blown into gutters and storm drains. Polystyrene is also very brittle, so when littered it quickly breaks into small pieces making cleanup very difficult. Plastic litter is seen as a threat to natural ecosystems. Wildlife may mistake plastic litter for food, and may ingest small or large pieces. The plastic does not break down in their digestive system, but often lingers, leading to reduced appetite, reduced nutrient absorption, and ultimately death by starvation. According to a California Department of Transportation study during 1998–2000, polystyrene represented 15%of the total volume of litter recovered from the storm drains. In 1999, the U.S. Coastal Clean-Up program reported that 2% of the litter picked up was foam cups. DRAFT The 2008 Waste Characterization Study commissioned by CIWMB does not specifically call out polystyrene as a material type. Rather it is listed under two different material types: #3-#7 Other Containers means plastic containers other than sealed containers and #3-#7 buckets of five gallons or less in size, made of types of plastic other than HDPE (high-density polyethylene) or PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) that include boxes, clamshells, jars, bottles, and cartons. Items may be made of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), LDPE (low-density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene), or mixed resins. When marked for identification, these items may bear the number 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 in the triangular recycling symbol and may also bear the letters PS, PP, PVC, etc. Examples include bakery packaging with hinged lids, hardware and fastener packaging, food containers such as bottles for salad dressings and vegetable oils, flexible and brittle yogurt cups, syrup bottles, margarine tubs, microwave food trays, and clamshell-shaped fast food containers. This type also includes some shampoo containers, vitamin bottles, foam egg cartons, and clamshell-like muffin containers. Page | 7-62
2012 Davis Integrated Waste Management Plan Remainder/Composite Plastic means plastic that cannot be put in any other type. These items are usually recognized by their optical opacity. This type includes items made mostly of plastic but combined with other materials. Examples include auto parts made of plastic attached to metal, plastic drinking straws, foam drinking cups, produce trays, foam packing blocks, packing peanuts, cookie trays found in cookie packages, plastic strapping, foam plates/bowls, and new Formica, vinyl, or linoleum. The chart below shows the portion of the waste stream that these two material types make up (according to the 2008 CIWMB Waste Characterization Study). Note that these material types includes many other items as well, that PS and EPS make up only a portion of the total waste that falls in these categories. TABLE 7-2 COMPOSITION OF PLASTICS (INCLUDING EPS AND PS) Material Type Overall Waste Stream Commercial Waste Residential Waste #3-#7 Other Containers 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% Remainder/Composite Plastic 2.8% 4.0% 1.7% Total 3.2% 4.4% 2.3% As of September 2012, more than 60 municipalities in California have passed ordinances or enacted resolutions banning polystyrene foam food service ware. Potential course of action required for implementing a ban on polystyrene food service ware used or sold in retail stores and restaurants: City staff conducts research: o Polystyrene environmental effects o Polystyrene effects on waste stream o Ordinances from other municipalities o Sustainable alternatives o Data collection on amount of restaurants currently using polystyrene take-out containers o Data collection on amount of retail stores selling using polystyrene cups, plates, bowls, etc. Draft ordinance language Outreach to restaurants and retail stores o Request for comments on potential ban Refine draft ordinance language Approval process o NRC o City Council CEQA documentation/process Outreach to restaurants and retail stores o Request for comments on potential ban Approval process o NRC o City Council Press releases and other outreach DRAFT Page | 7-63
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