Sanctioning Apartheid - KORA

paid jobs nor landg Forced removals and unemployment pushed
about 12 to 14 million blacls-about haIf of fie black popu-
lation-hto a struggle for bare survival in the batustaw. For
blacks, the spread of mechanization and automation throu@out
the esonomy, spurred by US tramnational corporate injtxkbns of
capital and technology, spelled fewer pb oppartunities and
growing hunger.
Increased External Dependence
The post-SwviJle growth of Souh Mca's mufachuing
industry sttengthmed minority control of the economy, but in
t b nespects rendered the economy, if anyhing, more extamally
dependent and hence more subject to the impact of sanctions.
The new factories required imported inpub which the 1 4
ecommy could not prculuce; the foreign exchange to 6nance
thczq and mpanding external markeb in which to sell their
output
First, as the large share of US busins in wholesale trade
(see Table 1) suggests, South Africa remained particularly
dependent on Lransnationals for sophisticated elma
equipment and parts, basportation machinery, and chemical
inputs. Its domh industries achieved neither the economk of
scale requked to render a basic chemicals industry viable, nor the
technological s6phMhkion kr design and man^^ advanced
elixhnics and porta at ion equipment and machinery. As
Table 2 shows, in th@c '99&0s, South Africa imported large amounts
of these from the US. In exchange, the US bought crude
mate&&, including uranium, d, steel products, and "miscellaneous"
manufactures.
Furthmore, South Africa's man-g industry, and
particularly the transport sector, required oil The US
tional, F~UOT, engineered South A6ica's giant d-fsorn~
prom %SOL The South African Finn& Times reports SASOL
"was financed with state money and, though privatization b k
place some years ago, the mmpany is effectively mntroIled by
government through the state's residual 30 parent equity stake"
Yet, under the 1986 sanctions act, the US State Department