Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

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longertermimprovementstoeuropeantransmissionplanning In High Wind North, loop flows occur in and around Germany above all. As a consequence, specific capacity enhancement measures like dynamic line rating have been identified, as have phase shifting transformers. In its dynamic models for analysing the impact on the network, EWIS assumed that the wind power plants have capabilities (such as active and reactive power, fault ride-through) that match the grid connection features required today in areas with high wind penetration. Economic analysis of EWIS showed that the costs of the various transmission upgrade measures proposed are outweighed by the benefits brought about by the reinforced European network. EWIS’ recommendations are being used by ENTSO-E as a constituting element of the future network planning – for example in their first Ten Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP; see below for more information). The EWIS study concluded that the wind power capacity assumed for 2015 can be integrated into the European power systems by addressing specific “pinch points” in the network with the appropriate reinforcement measures. Since 2009, the planning of transmission upgrades at European level has been entrusted to ENTSO-E. This planning process must be transparent and carried out in close consultation with the various stakeholders – which include the wind energy sector and EWEA. The planning process is supervised by the European regulators (ACER) to ensure consistency with national network development plans. One of the vehicles of the consultation process is a document that ENTSO-E has to provide on a regular basis (every two years as of March 2012), containing a comprehensive vision of the expected and necessary Europewide transmission development, namely the Ten Year Network Development Plan 2010 (TYNDP). ENTSO-E issued a first “pilot” release of this TYNDP in June 2010 [ENTSO-E, 2010]. The TYNDP also points out what new transmission infrastructure can be used with sustainably mature new technologies, as well as providing long-term visions 104 from both TSOs and stakeholders up to 2050 (including Smart grids and the Supergrid). The modelling of integrated networks in the TYNDP builds on inputs and results of the EWIS study [EWIS, 2010] in order to assess the most probable power flow patterns. The plan contains an identification of investment gaps and investment projects, particularly with respect to the development of cross-border capacities. With respect to the integration of offshore wind power, the Plan links to the work of the EU coordinator for “Connection of offshore wind power in Northern Europe”. The document is of strategic importance because of its links with the European policy framework. It should be a basis for further input and discussions by regulators towards clarification of the cost allocation aspects for new infrastructure and cost recovery via tariffs for projects of European interest, regional projects and national projects. The aim behind the 2010 Pilot version of the TYNDP was to be the first plan for Europe that was put together in a structured way and not just by assembling projects planned by each TSO. However this has not been fully achieved in the pilot version which does not yet (mid 2010) include the 2020 energy policy goals, or the Member States’ mandatory renewable energy targets. European Commission framework for improved interconnection By promoting a proactive approach to interconnecting Member States, the European Union’s Trans-European Networks for Energy (TEN-E) programme intends to offer a vehicle for fostering wind power integration. TEN- E aims to help with the following: • Effective operation of the internal market in general, and of the internal energy market in particular • Strengthening economic and social cohesion by reaching the more isolated regions of the Community • Reinforcing security of energy supply Since 2006 the TEN-E programme has undergone changes. One of the programme’s basic weaknesses is that it only provides support for feasibility studies. Powering Europe: wind energy and the electricity grid
It was found that despite TEN-E, the progress made in realising interconnection projects has been very slow. An attempt to accelerate the programme was made first by defining which projects were of European interest, appointing coordinators to these projects and providing limited structural funding to some of the projects. As part of the Commission’s new energy policy, it was decided to appoint coordinators to three projects considered critical for Europe. One of the coordinators was specifically appointed for transmission projects that support the development of offshore wind power development in Northern Europe. However, this did not solve TEN-E’s fundamental shortcoming: that it remains only loosely aligned with EU energy policy goals such as ensuring security of supply, creating a truly internal energy market and the increase in the share of renewable electricity from 15% in 2005 to 34% in 2020. All in all, TEN-E funding has until now proven to be insufficient as an incentive mechanism for investments in cross-border infrastructure. As a consequence, the European Commission is preparing a proposal for a new EU Energy Security and Infrastructure Instrument, as requested by the European Council in March 2009 and anticipated in the Communication on the Second Strategic Energy Review (2008) and on the Green Paper on energy networks (2008) for the beginning of 2011. The European Commission has identified several areas of improvement 8 http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/studies/doc/2010_0203_en.pdf chApTEr 4 Upgradingelectricitynetworks–challengesandsolutions for a revised TEN-E instrument in its recent progress report on the implementation of the programme 8 . • Simpler project categories: single cross-border trans mission projects and several projects clustered into one regional scheme where appropriate • Closer coordination between structural funds and the European Investment Bank (EIB). Financing tools for new energy infrastructure investments should be sought. • Coordination and cooperation between Member States should be strengthened. Planning procedures should be streamlined to ensure a fast, transparent and reliable permitting scheme that includes binding deadlines for authorities. As well as prioritising projects at European level, the necessary support must be ensured at national level. TEN-E could also build on the positive experience of European “coordinators”, particularly where the coordinator has a clearly defined objective – as does the French- Spanish interconnector. • Finally, the deliverables of the third Liberalisation package and TEN-E projects must be coordinated. Transmission system operators (TSOs) and European energy regulators must support all TEN-E projects by including them in the forthcoming ten year network development plans by ENTSO-E with a clear timetable for implementation. 105
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Powering Europe: wind energy and th
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CONTENTS chapter1 Introduction:
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1 INtrODUctION:aeUrOpeaNVI
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available for dealing with variable
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Europe has a particular competitive
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odies ENTSO-E and ACER, the key del
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maINchalleNgeSaNDISSUeS
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4.1 Wind generation and wind plants
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such as in Spain, demonstrate that
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With the very high shares of wind p
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power capacity reaching 265 GW in 2
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tablE 1: RolEs anD REsPonsibilitiEs
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Grid infrastructure upgrade Reinfor
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Institutional and regulatory aspect
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Legend The grid maps depict the evo
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European renewable energy grid 2020
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European renewable energy grid 2040
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2 WINDgeNeratIONaNDWIND
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operates below its peak efficiency
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tablE 1: oVERViEw of winD tURbinE C
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fiGURE 2: winD tURbinE PowER CURVE
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grid, such as large conventional ge
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Of special interest for system oper
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fiGURE 6: ExaMPlE of thE sMoothinG
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temperature gradients, wind speeds
Page 51 and 52: fiGURE 10: foRECast aCCURaCy in sPa
Page 53 and 54: 1.4 Impacts of large-scale wind pow
Page 55 and 56: cONNectINgWINDpOWertOth
Page 57 and 58: 2.2 An overview of the present grid
Page 59 and 60: network element is important for sy
Page 61 and 62: The implementation of further liber
Page 63 and 64: to 24 hours ahead). Furthermore, we
Page 65 and 66: INtrODUctION While today’s power
Page 67 and 68: alancingdemand,conventional
Page 73 and 74: Improvedwindpowermanagemen
Page 75 and 76: WaySOfeNhaNcINgWINDpOWe
Page 77 and 78: Waysofenhancingwindpowe
Page 79 and 80: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 81 and 82: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 83 and 84: Nationalandeuropeanintegra
Page 91 and 92: 92 aNNex:prINcIpleSOfpOWer
Page 93 and 94: 4 UpgraDINgelectrIcItyNetWOrk
Page 95 and 96: transportation of power from genera
Page 97 and 98: ImmeDIateOppOrtUNItIeSfOrU
Page 99 and 100: lONgertermImprOVemeNtStO
Page 101: it compares favourably to a radial
Page 105 and 106: • Reduce dependency on gas and oi
Page 107 and 108: technology with the following typic
Page 109 and 110: network planning carried out by the
Page 111 and 112: The studies either allocate the tot
Page 113 and 114: existing distributed assets includi
Page 115 and 116: SUmmary Upgrading the European n
Page 117 and 118: 5 electrIcItymarketDeSIgN Pho
Page 119 and 120: arrIerStOINtegratINgWIND
Page 121 and 122: DeVelOpmeNtSINtheeUrOpeaN
Page 123 and 124: 3.3 Legal framework for further lib
Page 125 and 126: • Wind power support schemes are
Page 127 and 128: guideline and subsequent network co
Page 129 and 130: ackgrOUND Wind power in the EU has
Page 131 and 132: INtrODUctION This study aims to ana
Page 133 and 134: Introduction However, this study in
Page 135 and 136: SUmmaryOffINDINgS Numerous st
Page 137 and 138: methODOlOgy This chapter describes
Page 139 and 140: methodology 4.2 Modelling Modelling
Page 141 and 142: aNalySIS 5.1 Modelling results Meri
Page 143 and 144: analysis In order to assess the mer
Page 145 and 146: analysis Merit order and volume mer
Page 147 and 148: analysis fiGURE 9: EnDoGEnoUs inVEs
Page 149 and 150: analysis fiGURE 11: total installED
Page 151 and 152: analysis fiGURE 14: tRaDE flows foR
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analysis fiGURE 15: sEnsitiVity anD
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analysis and natural gas in the bas
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analysis equilibrium price of €90
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cONclUSION The modelling analysi
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aNNex 7.1 Assumptions in the model
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annex fiGURE 19: lonG-tERM MaRGinal
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annex The Classic Carbon model is a
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annex marketpowermodelling Al
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eferences,glossaryandabbre
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