Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

Nationalandeuropeanintegrationstudiesandexperiences
tablE 7: aDDitional REqUiREMEnts foR ContinUoUs fREqUEnCy REsPonsE anD REsERVE foR inCREasinG winD PowER
PEnEtRation in Uk
installed
wind
capacity
Gw
6.5 Ireland
Sustainable Energy Ireland published a report “Operating
Reserve Requirements as Wind Power Penetration
Increases in the Irish Electricity System” [Ilex et
al., 2004]. The study findings were that fuel cost and
CO2 savings made with installed wind power of up to
1,500 MW wind power in the Republic of Ireland (ROI)
system were directly proportional to the level of wind
energy penetration. Over longer time horizons (one
to four hours), there is an increasing requirement for
additional operating reserve as wind penetration increases,
as shown in Table 8. The study found that
while wind did reduce overall system operation costs
it could lead to a small increase in operating reserve
costs €0.2/MWh for 9.5% wind penetration and €0.5/
MWh for 14.3% of wind.
88
additional primary
reserve requirements
Mw
additional cost of
primary reserve
€/Mwh
additional reserve
requirements Mw
All Island Study
Range of additional
cost of reserve
€/Mwh
total additional
cost of reserve
€/Mwh
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
5 34 54 0.1 0.3 340 526 0.7 1.7 0.8 2.0
10 126 192 0.3 0.6 1,172 1,716 1.4 2.5 1.6 3.1
15 257 382 0.4 0.8 2,241 3,163 1.7 3.1 2.1 3.8
20 413 596 0.5 0.9 3,414 4,706 1.9 3.5 2.3 4.4
25 585 827 0.5 1.0 4,640 6,300 2.0 3.7 2.6 4.7
the expected minimum and maximum Mw reflect the dispersion of wind power plants. Expected minimum and maximum
of costs reflect also the reserve holding cost range £2–4/Mwh. Cost converted from consumer costs in [strbac et
al., 2007] to €/Mwh wind energy assuming £1 = € 1.3 [holttinen, 2009].
tablE 8: aDDitional REsERVE REqUiREMEnt foR DiffEREnt
lEVEls of installED winD PowER [holttinEn, 2009]
wind power
installed
(Mw)
% gross
demand
one hour
reserve
requirement
(Mw)
four hour
reserve
requirement
(Mw)
845 6.1 15 30
1,300 9.5 25 60
1,950 14.3 50 150
The All Island Grid Study [DCENR, 2005] was carried
out on request of the governments of Northern Ireland
and the Republic of Ireland to investigate the technical
issues associated with the integration of high levels of
renewable generation and the resulting costs and benefits.
It concluded that a renewable (mostly wind) electricity
share of 40% of the total demand could be integrated
into the system, delivering around 25% reduction
of CO2 emissions for a maximum of 7% increase in total
system costs. The key challenges to successfully integrate
this renewable generation include the following:
• Complementary portfolio of non-renewable generation
with the flexibility to complement the variable
renewable generation without excessive cost or CO2
emissions and ensuring that the market and regulatory
structures can facilitate the delivery and continuation
of the commercial viability of the required
plant.
• System control of the power system so as to ensure
continuing stability and reliability while facilitating
the delivery of renewable generation.
• Connection applications. The Commission for Energy
Regulation has mandated a grouped connection
process known as “Gate 3” to provide certainty
for generation developers and to optimise network
development.
Powering Europe: wind energy and the electricity grid