Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

7 Annex: principles of power balancing
in the system 92
chapter4
Upgradingelectricitynetworks–
challengesandsolutions 95
1 Drivers and barriers for network upgrades 96
2 Immediate opportunities for upgrade:
optimal use of the network 99
3 Longer term improvements to European
transmission planning 101
3.1 Recommendations from European studies 101
4 Offshore grids 106
4.1 Drivers and stepping stones 106
4.2 Technical issues 108
4.3 Policy issues 110
4.4 Regulatory aspects 110
4.5 Planning 110
5 Costs of transmission upgrades and who
pays for what 112
5.1 Cost estimates 112
5.2 Allocating grid infrastructure costs 113
6 More active distribution networks 114
7 A holistic view of future network
development: smart grids 116
8 Summary 117
chapter5
electricitymarketdesign 119
1 Introduction 120
2 Barriers to integrating wind power into
the power market 121
 
3 Developments in the European electricity
market 123
3.1 Liberalised national markets 123
3.2 European integration assisted by
interconnection 124
3.3 Legal framework for further liberalisation
of the European electricity market 125
4 Wind power in the European internal
electricity market 126
4.1 Current market rules in EU Member
States 126
4.2 Economic benefits of proper market rules
for wind power integration in Europe 127
5 Summary 128
chapter6
themeritordereffectoflarge-scale
windintegration 131
1 Background 132
2 Introduction 134
2.1 Summary of literature survey 136
3 Summary of findings 138
4 Methodology 140
4.1 Approach 140
4.2 Modelling 142
5 Analysis 144
5.1 Modelling results 144
5.2 Sensitivities 155
6 Conclusion 162
7 Annex 164
7.1 Assumptions in the model 164
7.2 Model description 167
References, glossary and abbreviations 171
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