Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

More documents

Recommendations

Info

fiGURE 13: tRaDE flows of both sCEnaRios foR thE ChosEn CoUntRiEs in 2020 Trade net ow [TWh per annum] 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 From the exporting region’s point of view, positive figures present net exports, negative figures present net imports. chApTEr 6 themeritordereffectoflarge-scalewindintegration Exporting region Germany NL Belgium France UK Spain Sweden Reference Wind Reference totalcapacities The total installed capacities in the two scenarios can be seen below in Figure 11. The Reference scenario gives a total installed capacity of 775,000 MW in 2020, with a total demand of 3754 TWh/year. In comparison, the Wind scenario shows a slightly higher demand, 3,859 TWh/year, and a significantly higher total capacity with 908,000 MW 14 . As already described on tablE 4: assUMPtions on REnEwablE EnERGy shaRE of final ElECtRiCity DEManD. Wind Reference Wind 2008 Reference 2020 wind 2020 22 % 22 % 32 % 14 Differences in the scenarios’ total demand level are due to price elasticities included in the model. Reference Wind Reference Wind Reference Wind Reference Wind UK Lithuania Switzerland Sweden Spain Portugal Poland Norway Netherlands Italy Hungary Germany France Finland Denmark Czech Belgium Austria page 149, in the Wind scenario, 200,000 MW additional wind capacities (total 265 GW) have been added to the model. And as a consequence, conventional capacities whose total volumes are therefore lower in the Wind scenario than in the Reference scenario are replaced, especially coal and gas technologies. The detailed mix of the total installed capacities for both scenarios can be seen in Figure 11. generationvolumes The electricity generation mix of the two scenarios can be seen in Figure 11. For modelling purposes, the scenario assumptions have been chosen so that the overall EU renewable electricity target for 2020 (34% of 153
analysis fiGURE 14: tRaDE flows foR ChosEn EastERn EURoPEan CoUntRiEs in 2020 From the exporting region’s point of view, positive figures represent net exports, negative figures represent net imports. final electricity consumption from renewable sources) is not reached in either scenario. The Reference scenario results in a renewable share of 22% of final electricity consumption in 2020, compared to a share of 32% in the Wind scenario. In Figure 12 below, the simulated generation volumes for the different scenarios are illustrated. tradeflows In the Classic Carbon model, cross border transmission is modelled from an economic standpoint, with each connection from any one region to any other region having a specified (linear) loss, cost, availability, and capacity. 15 So, normally transmission is pricebased, i.e. based on price differences (the price includes losses and transmission fees). But, in some 154 Trade netow [TWh per annum] 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 Reference Slovakia Wind Reference Exporting region Czech Wind Reference Hungary Wind Lithuania Sweden Slovakia Germany Austria Poland Hungary Czech cases, the transmission is fixed between regions, based on contracts between the regions (for example Finland and Russia). In general, larger amounts of wind power in the system, lead to an increased need for interconnection capacity. This is confirmed by the results from the Classic Carbon model: when significant investments are made in wind, the congestion rent (i.e. the cable income) increases on most transmission lines. This is also something one would expect: with more volatility in the system, there is a need for further interconnection in order to be better able to balance the system. In the model’s assumptions, total EU transmission capacities have been increased from today to 2020 by about 15 Within a given country, the model assumes there are no transmission bottlenecks. Internal transmission and distribution losses, however, are accounted for by using linear loss functions, with user specified parameters. A loss function represents the loss (cost in money or loss in utility) associated with an estimate being “wrong” (different from the given capacity as a true value) as a function of a measure of the degree of wrongness (generally the difference between the estimated value and the true or desired value.) Reference Poland Wind Powering Europe: wind energy and the electricity grid
Page 1 and 2:
Powering Europe: wind energy and th
Page 3 and 4:
CONTENTS chapter1 Introduction:
Page 5 and 6:
1 INtrODUctION:aeUrOpeaNVI
Page 7 and 8:
available for dealing with variable
Page 9 and 10:
Europe has a particular competitive
Page 11 and 12:
odies ENTSO-E and ACER, the key del
Page 13 and 14:
maINchalleNgeSaNDISSUeS
Page 15 and 16:
4.1 Wind generation and wind plants
Page 17 and 18:
such as in Spain, demonstrate that
Page 19 and 20:
With the very high shares of wind p
Page 21 and 22:
power capacity reaching 265 GW in 2
Page 23 and 24:
tablE 1: RolEs anD REsPonsibilitiEs
Page 25 and 26:
Grid infrastructure upgrade Reinfor
Page 27 and 28:
Institutional and regulatory aspect
Page 29 and 30:
Legend The grid maps depict the evo
Page 31 and 32:
European renewable energy grid 2020
Page 33 and 34:
European renewable energy grid 2040
Page 35 and 36:
2 WINDgeNeratIONaNDWIND
Page 37 and 38:
operates below its peak efficiency
Page 39 and 40:
tablE 1: oVERViEw of winD tURbinE C
Page 41 and 42:
fiGURE 2: winD tURbinE PowER CURVE
Page 43 and 44:
grid, such as large conventional ge
Page 45 and 46:
Of special interest for system oper
Page 47 and 48:
fiGURE 6: ExaMPlE of thE sMoothinG
Page 49 and 50:
temperature gradients, wind speeds
Page 51 and 52:
fiGURE 10: foRECast aCCURaCy in sPa
Page 53 and 54:
1.4 Impacts of large-scale wind pow
Page 55 and 56:
cONNectINgWINDpOWertOth
Page 57 and 58:
2.2 An overview of the present grid
Page 59 and 60:
network element is important for sy
Page 61 and 62:
The implementation of further liber
Page 63 and 64:
to 24 hours ahead). Furthermore, we
Page 65 and 66:
INtrODUctION While today’s power
Page 67 and 68:
alancingdemand,conventional
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Improvedwindpowermanagemen
Page 75 and 76:
WaySOfeNhaNcINgWINDpOWe
Page 77 and 78:
Waysofenhancingwindpowe
Page 79 and 80:
Windpower’scontributiont
Page 81 and 82:
Windpower’scontributiont
Page 83 and 84:
Nationalandeuropeanintegra
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
92 aNNex:prINcIpleSOfpOWer
Page 93 and 94:
4 UpgraDINgelectrIcItyNetWOrk
Page 95 and 96:
transportation of power from genera
Page 97 and 98:
ImmeDIateOppOrtUNItIeSfOrU
Page 99 and 100: lONgertermImprOVemeNtStO
Page 101 and 102: it compares favourably to a radial
Page 103 and 104: It was found that despite TEN-E, th
Page 105 and 106: • Reduce dependency on gas and oi
Page 107 and 108: technology with the following typic
Page 109 and 110: network planning carried out by the
Page 111 and 112: The studies either allocate the tot
Page 113 and 114: existing distributed assets includi
Page 115 and 116: SUmmary Upgrading the European n
Page 117 and 118: 5 electrIcItymarketDeSIgN Pho
Page 119 and 120: arrIerStOINtegratINgWIND
Page 121 and 122: DeVelOpmeNtSINtheeUrOpeaN
Page 123 and 124: 3.3 Legal framework for further lib
Page 125 and 126: • Wind power support schemes are
Page 127 and 128: guideline and subsequent network co
Page 129 and 130: ackgrOUND Wind power in the EU has
Page 131 and 132: INtrODUctION This study aims to ana
Page 133 and 134: Introduction However, this study in
Page 135 and 136: SUmmaryOffINDINgS Numerous st
Page 137 and 138: methODOlOgy This chapter describes
Page 139 and 140: methodology 4.2 Modelling Modelling
Page 141 and 142: aNalySIS 5.1 Modelling results Meri
Page 143 and 144: analysis In order to assess the mer
Page 145 and 146: analysis Merit order and volume mer
Page 147 and 148: analysis fiGURE 9: EnDoGEnoUs inVEs
Page 149: analysis fiGURE 11: total installED
Page 153 and 154: analysis fiGURE 15: sEnsitiVity anD
Page 155 and 156: analysis and natural gas in the bas
Page 157 and 158: analysis equilibrium price of €90
Page 159 and 160: cONclUSION The modelling analysi
Page 161 and 162: aNNex 7.1 Assumptions in the model
Page 163 and 164: annex fiGURE 19: lonG-tERM MaRGinal
Page 165 and 166: annex The Classic Carbon model is a
Page 167 and 168: annex marketpowermodelling Al
Page 169 and 170: eferences,glossaryandabbre
show all

Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?