Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

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of 5.5 GW. The mean value corresponds to about 8% of the installed wind power capacity, and the maximum to 15.3%. tablE 4: ChaRaCtERistiC fiGUREs foR winD PowER CaPaCity anD GEnERation in 2003, 2009 anD 2015 basED on sCEnaRios in thE DEna stUDy [DEna, 2005] 2003 2009 2015 installed wind power capacity (Gw) 14.5 25.8 36 annual wind energy generation (twh) 23.5 46.8 77.2 Effective capacity factor 18 % 21 % 25 % wind energy share of annual electricity demand (gross) 5.5 % 7.6 % 14 % the realised values for 2009 are given for comparison. tablE 5: oVERViEw of REqUiRED REGUlation PowER (Day ahEaD REsERVE) in 2003 anD 2015 as foUnD in thE DEna stUDy [DEna, 2005] 2003 2015 Average max Average max Positive regulation capacity ( Mw) 1.2 2 3.2 7 % of wind power capacity 9 14 9 19 negative regulation capacity (Mw) 0.75 1.9 2.8 5.5 % of wind power capacity 5 14 8 15 installed wind power capacity 14.5 Gw in 2003, and 36 Gw in 2015. these capacities (primary and secondary reserves) have to be scheduled to cope with unforeseen changes in wind power output with respect to the schedules. In a follow-up study, the potential for increased integration of wind power through the creation of an intraday market was investigated [FGE/FGH/ISET, 2007]. It concluded that using an intra-day market has no particular advantage given the specific prices for reserve power, and the mean spot market price of €45/MWh. chApTEr 3 powersystemoperationswithlargeamountsofwindpower 6.2 Nordic region An estimation of the operating reserve requirement due to wind power in the Nordic countries has been discussed in earlier studies [Holttinen, 2005 and Holttinen, 2004]. The results are presented in Table 6. • The increase in reserve requirements corresponds to about 2% of installed wind power capacity at 10% penetration and 4% at 20% penetration. For a single country this could be twice as much as for the Nordic region, due to better smoothing of wind power variations at the regional level. If new natural gas capacity was built for this purpose, and the investment costs were allocated to wind power production, this would increase the cost of wind power by €0.7/MWh at 10% penetration and €1.3/MWh at 20 % penetration. For comparison, the retail price of electricity for households in Denmark is more than €250/MWh (2009). • The increase in use of reserves would be about 0.33 TWh/year at 10% penetration and 1.15 TWh/ year at 20% penetration. The cost of an increased use of reserves, at a price €5-15/MWh would be €0.1-0.2/MWh of wind energy at 10% penetration and €0.2-0.5/MWh at 20% penetration. The additional balancing requirements in this case are significantly lower than, for example, the Dena report results. This is mainly due to two things: first, the area of study is much larger covering the whole of the four Nordic countries. This illustrates the advantages of operating the Nordic power system as a coordinated, integrated system. Secondly, the results are calculated from the variability during the operating hour, so forecast errors for wind power on longer timescales are not taken into account. The parties responsible for balancing in the Nordic power system have the opportunity to change their schedules up to the operating hour. This means that part of the prediction error can be corrected when more accurate forecasts arrive. 85
Nationalandeuropeanintegrationstudiesandexperiences tablE 6: thE inCREasE in REsERVE REqUiREMEnt DUE to winD PowER with DiffEREnt PEnEtRation lEVEls, as a PERCEntaGE of GRoss DEManD 6.3 Denmark The Danish TSO Energinet has investigated the consequences of doubling the country’s approximately 3,000 MW of installed wind power to about 6,000 MW before 2025 [Energinet, 2007; Eriksen & Orths, 2008]. About 2,000 MW is expected to be installed offshore. The change would increase wind power’s share of Danish electricity demand from 20% to 50%. Assessments are made for the energy balance, the fuel consumption, the emissions, the power balance, the need for ancillary services and the transmission 86 increased use of reserves increased amount of reserves TWh/year €/MWh % MW €/MWh nordic 10% penetration 0.33 0.1-0.2 1.6-2.2 310-420 0.5-0.7 nordic 20% penetration 1.15 0.2-0.5 3.1-4.2 1,200-1,400 1.0-1.3 finland 10% penetration 0.28 0.2-0.5 3.9 160 finland 20% penetration 0.81 0.3-0.8 7.2 570 the increase in reserve requirement takes into account the better predictability of load variations. the range in nordic figures assumes that the installed wind power capacity is more or less concentrated. grid. More generally, the study assesses the demands that integration of 50% wind energy into the electricity system would place on flexibility in production, grid operation and power consumption. The study shows that both domestic flexibility and international power markets are prerequisites for maintaining security of supply and maximising the economic value of wind power. Measures for integrating large-scale wind power involve a whole range of measures on the market side, on the production side, on the transmission side and on the demand fiGURE 8: intEGRation MEasUREs foR laRGE-sCalE winD PowER in DEnMaRk [EnERGinEt.Dk, 2007] Electricity storage Electricity cons. Exchange Heat pumps Hydrogen / Biofuel Transport Electricity transmission Electric boilers Electricity production CHP plants Gas transmission Heat transmission Heat production Heat storage Heat cons. <strong>Powering</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>: wind energy and the electricity grid
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Powering Europe: wind energy and th
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CONTENTS chapter1 Introduction:
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1 INtrODUctION:aeUrOpeaNVI
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available for dealing with variable
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Europe has a particular competitive
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odies ENTSO-E and ACER, the key del
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maINchalleNgeSaNDISSUeS
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4.1 Wind generation and wind plants
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such as in Spain, demonstrate that
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With the very high shares of wind p
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power capacity reaching 265 GW in 2
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tablE 1: RolEs anD REsPonsibilitiEs
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Grid infrastructure upgrade Reinfor
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Institutional and regulatory aspect
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Legend The grid maps depict the evo
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European renewable energy grid 2020
Page 33 and 34: European renewable energy grid 2040
Page 35 and 36: 2 WINDgeNeratIONaNDWIND
Page 37 and 38: operates below its peak efficiency
Page 39 and 40: tablE 1: oVERViEw of winD tURbinE C
Page 41 and 42: fiGURE 2: winD tURbinE PowER CURVE
Page 43 and 44: grid, such as large conventional ge
Page 45 and 46: Of special interest for system oper
Page 47 and 48: fiGURE 6: ExaMPlE of thE sMoothinG
Page 49 and 50: temperature gradients, wind speeds
Page 51 and 52: fiGURE 10: foRECast aCCURaCy in sPa
Page 53 and 54: 1.4 Impacts of large-scale wind pow
Page 55 and 56: cONNectINgWINDpOWertOth
Page 57 and 58: 2.2 An overview of the present grid
Page 59 and 60: network element is important for sy
Page 61 and 62: The implementation of further liber
Page 63 and 64: to 24 hours ahead). Furthermore, we
Page 65 and 66: INtrODUctION While today’s power
Page 67 and 68: alancingdemand,conventional
Page 73 and 74: Improvedwindpowermanagemen
Page 75 and 76: WaySOfeNhaNcINgWINDpOWe
Page 77 and 78: Waysofenhancingwindpowe
Page 79 and 80: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 81 and 82: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 83: Nationalandeuropeanintegra
Page 87 and 88: Nationalandeuropeanintegra
Page 89 and 90: Nationalandeuropeanintegra
Page 91 and 92: 92 aNNex:prINcIpleSOfpOWer
Page 93 and 94: 4 UpgraDINgelectrIcItyNetWOrk
Page 95 and 96: transportation of power from genera
Page 97 and 98: ImmeDIateOppOrtUNItIeSfOrU
Page 99 and 100: lONgertermImprOVemeNtStO
Page 101 and 102: it compares favourably to a radial
Page 103 and 104: It was found that despite TEN-E, th
Page 105 and 106: • Reduce dependency on gas and oi
Page 107 and 108: technology with the following typic
Page 109 and 110: network planning carried out by the
Page 111 and 112: The studies either allocate the tot
Page 113 and 114: existing distributed assets includi
Page 115 and 116: SUmmary Upgrading the European n
Page 117 and 118: 5 electrIcItymarketDeSIgN Pho
Page 119 and 120: arrIerStOINtegratINgWIND
Page 121 and 122: DeVelOpmeNtSINtheeUrOpeaN
Page 123 and 124: 3.3 Legal framework for further lib
Page 125 and 126: • Wind power support schemes are
Page 127 and 128: guideline and subsequent network co
Page 129 and 130: ackgrOUND Wind power in the EU has
Page 131 and 132: INtrODUctION This study aims to ana
Page 133 and 134: Introduction However, this study in
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SUmmaryOffINDINgS Numerous st
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methODOlOgy This chapter describes
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methodology 4.2 Modelling Modelling
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aNalySIS 5.1 Modelling results Meri
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analysis In order to assess the mer
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analysis Merit order and volume mer
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analysis fiGURE 9: EnDoGEnoUs inVEs
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analysis fiGURE 11: total installED
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analysis fiGURE 14: tRaDE flows foR
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analysis fiGURE 15: sEnsitiVity anD
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analysis and natural gas in the bas
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analysis equilibrium price of €90
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cONclUSION The modelling analysi
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aNNex 7.1 Assumptions in the model
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annex fiGURE 19: lonG-tERM MaRGinal
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annex The Classic Carbon model is a
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annex marketpowermodelling Al
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eferences,glossaryandabbre
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