Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

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INtrODUctION This chapter considers the characteristics and mechanisms in European power markets which have an essential influence on the process of wind power integration. In addition to liberalisation and the degree of market integration, these include the possibilities of trading reserves and operating the power exchanges 120 closer to real time. Furthermore, current developments in the European electricity markets that are relevant to the integration process are discussed, indicating roles for key players, legislative processes and providing recommendations for facilitating wind power’s integration. Powering Europe: wind energy and the electricity grid Photo: iStock
arrIerStOINtegratINgWINDpOWer INtOthepOWermarket A set of market rules for facilitating wind power’s efficient market integration needs to take the characteristic properties of wind energy into account, namely: • Distributed and continental: Wind power is a continental resource, related to large meteorological phenomena (on the scale of 1,000 km) exploited at geographically dispersed sites. Wind resource availability has a low geographical correlation. • Predictability: The quality of wind power forecasts increases with a shorter forecast horizon and over a larger area. Along with each forecast, confidence margins can be supplied in order to schedule reserves to compensate for potential forecast errors (see Vol. 2 and 3). • Variability: The characteristic significant wind power variations are in the range of 15 minutes to a few days. Wind speed is correlated for short distances but not chApTEr 5 electrIcItymarketDeSIgN for long distances - over 1,000 kilometres (Chapter 2). • Low marginal costs: Wind energy requires no fuel. Therefore, its marginal cost is very low and electricity is produced without green house gas emissions. Consequently, wind power should be used whenever wind is available. At times of low demand, wind power will have to compete with power from bulk load plants, which often cannot adapt their output to fast changing set points. Integrating wind power with the above characteristics is easier in an electricity system that has the following characteristics: • System spanning a large geographical area enabling the variability to be smoothened and predictability and capacity value to be maximised. 121 Photo: Detlev Gehring-SST
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Powering Europe: wind energy and th
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CONTENTS chapter1 Introduction:
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1 INtrODUctION:aeUrOpeaNVI
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available for dealing with variable
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Europe has a particular competitive
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odies ENTSO-E and ACER, the key del
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maINchalleNgeSaNDISSUeS
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4.1 Wind generation and wind plants
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such as in Spain, demonstrate that
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With the very high shares of wind p
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power capacity reaching 265 GW in 2
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tablE 1: RolEs anD REsPonsibilitiEs
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Grid infrastructure upgrade Reinfor
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Institutional and regulatory aspect
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Legend The grid maps depict the evo
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European renewable energy grid 2020
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European renewable energy grid 2040
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2 WINDgeNeratIONaNDWIND
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operates below its peak efficiency
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tablE 1: oVERViEw of winD tURbinE C
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fiGURE 2: winD tURbinE PowER CURVE
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grid, such as large conventional ge
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Of special interest for system oper
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fiGURE 6: ExaMPlE of thE sMoothinG
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temperature gradients, wind speeds
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fiGURE 10: foRECast aCCURaCy in sPa
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1.4 Impacts of large-scale wind pow
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cONNectINgWINDpOWertOth
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2.2 An overview of the present grid
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network element is important for sy
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The implementation of further liber
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to 24 hours ahead). Furthermore, we
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INtrODUctION While today’s power
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Page 73 and 74: Improvedwindpowermanagemen
Page 75 and 76: WaySOfeNhaNcINgWINDpOWe
Page 77 and 78: Waysofenhancingwindpowe
Page 79 and 80: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 81 and 82: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 83 and 84: Nationalandeuropeanintegra
Page 91 and 92: 92 aNNex:prINcIpleSOfpOWer
Page 93 and 94: 4 UpgraDINgelectrIcItyNetWOrk
Page 95 and 96: transportation of power from genera
Page 97 and 98: ImmeDIateOppOrtUNItIeSfOrU
Page 99 and 100: lONgertermImprOVemeNtStO
Page 101 and 102: it compares favourably to a radial
Page 103 and 104: It was found that despite TEN-E, th
Page 105 and 106: • Reduce dependency on gas and oi
Page 107 and 108: technology with the following typic
Page 109 and 110: network planning carried out by the
Page 111 and 112: The studies either allocate the tot
Page 113 and 114: existing distributed assets includi
Page 115 and 116: SUmmary Upgrading the European n
Page 117: 5 electrIcItymarketDeSIgN Pho
Page 121 and 122: DeVelOpmeNtSINtheeUrOpeaN
Page 123 and 124: 3.3 Legal framework for further lib
Page 125 and 126: • Wind power support schemes are
Page 127 and 128: guideline and subsequent network co
Page 129 and 130: ackgrOUND Wind power in the EU has
Page 131 and 132: INtrODUctION This study aims to ana
Page 133 and 134: Introduction However, this study in
Page 135 and 136: SUmmaryOffINDINgS Numerous st
Page 137 and 138: methODOlOgy This chapter describes
Page 139 and 140: methodology 4.2 Modelling Modelling
Page 141 and 142: aNalySIS 5.1 Modelling results Meri
Page 143 and 144: analysis In order to assess the mer
Page 145 and 146: analysis Merit order and volume mer
Page 147 and 148: analysis fiGURE 9: EnDoGEnoUs inVEs
Page 149 and 150: analysis fiGURE 11: total installED
Page 151 and 152: analysis fiGURE 14: tRaDE flows foR
Page 153 and 154: analysis fiGURE 15: sEnsitiVity anD
Page 155 and 156: analysis and natural gas in the bas
Page 157 and 158: analysis equilibrium price of €90
Page 159 and 160: cONclUSION The modelling analysi
Page 161 and 162: aNNex 7.1 Assumptions in the model
Page 163 and 164: annex fiGURE 19: lonG-tERM MaRGinal
Page 165 and 166: annex The Classic Carbon model is a
Page 167 and 168: annex marketpowermodelling Al
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eferences,glossaryandabbre
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Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

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