Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

CONTENTS
chapter1
Introduction:aeuropeanvision 5
1 Introduction 6
2 Turning the energy challenge
into a competitive advantage 8
2
2.1 Wind power and European electricity 9
2.2 Wind power in the system 11
2.3 All power sources are fallible 11
3 Main challenges and issues of integration 13
4 Integration of wind power in Europe:
the facts 14
4.1 Wind generation and wind plants:
the essentials 15
4.2 Power system operations
with large amounts of wind power 16
4.3 Upgrading electricity networks – challenges
and solutions 17
4.4 Electricity market design 19
4.5 The merit order effect of large-scale
wind integration 20
5 Roles and responsibilities 22
6 European renewable energy grid vision
2010-2050 28
chapter2
Windgenerationandwindplants:
theessentials 35
1 Wind generation and wind farms –
the essentials 36
1.1 Wind power plants 36
1.2 Variability of wind power production 42
1.3 Variability and predictability
of wind power production 48
1.4 Impacts of large-scale wind power
integration on electricity systems 53
2 Connecting wind power to the grid 55
2.1 Problems with grid code requirements
for wind power 56
2.2 An overview of the present grid code
requirements for wind power 57
2.3 Two-step process for grid code
harmonisation in Europe 60
3 Summary 62
chapter3
powersystemoperations
withlargeamountsofwindpower 65
1 Introduction 66
2 Balancing demand, conventional
generation and wind power 67
2.1 Introduction 67
2.2 Effect of wind power on scheduling of
reserves 68
2.3 Short-term forecasting to support
system balancing 70
2.4 Additional balancing costs 71
3 Improved wind power management 73
4 Ways of enhancing wind power integration 76
5 Wind power’s contribution to firm power 79
5.1 Security of supply and system adequacy 79
5.2 Capacity credit is the measure for firm
wind power 80
6 National and European integration studies
and experiences 83
6.1 Germany 84
6.2 Nordic region 85
6.3 Denmark 86
6.5 Ireland 88
6.6 Netherlands 89
6.7 European Wind Integration Study 89