Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Windgenerationandwindfarms–theessentials fiGURE 1: tyPiCal winD tURbinE ElECtRiCal ConfiGURations 38 Type A Type B Type C Type D Gear Gear Gear Gear SCIG Variable resistance WRIG WRIG PMSG/WRSG/WRIG Soft-starter Soft-starter Partial scale frequency converter Full-scale frequency converter Capacitor bank Capacitor bank sCiG= squirrel cage induction generator; wRiG = wound rotor induction generator; PMsG = permanent magnet synchronous generator; wRsG = wound rotor synchronous generator Grid Grid Grid Grid Powering Europe: wind energy and the electricity grid
tablE 1: oVERViEw of winD tURbinE ConCEPts Type of system Description Manufacturer and type type a Fixed speed (one or two speeds) type b Limited variable speed type C Improved variable speed with DFIG type D Variable speed with full-scale frequency converter Introduced and widely used in the 80s, the concept is based on a ‘squirrel cage’ asynchronous generator (SCIG), its rotor is driven by the turbine and its stator directly connected to the grid. Its rotation speed can only vary slightly (between 1% and 2%), which is almost a “fixed speed” in comparison with the other wind turbine concepts. The concept exists both in single speed and double speed versions. The double speed operation gives an improved performance and lower noise production at low wind speeds. Aerodynamic control combined with a type A concept is mostly passive stall, and as a consequence there are few active control options, besides connecting and disconnecting, especially if there is no blade pitch change mechanism. The concept has been continuously improved, for example in the so-called active stall designs, where the blade pitch angle can be changed towards stall by the control system. Type B wind turbines used by Vestas in the 80s and 90s. are equipped with a ‘wound rotor’ induction generator (WRIG). Power electronics are applied to control the rotor’s electrical resistance, which allows both the rotor and the generator to vary their speed up to and down ± 10% during wind gusts, maximising power quality and reducing the mechanical loading of the turbine components, (at the expense of some minor energy loss, however). The wind turbines of type B are equipped with an active blade pitch control system. The type C concept combines the advantages of previous systems with advances in power electronics. The induction generator has a wound rotor, which is connected to the grid through a back-to-back voltage source converter that controls the excitation system in order to decouple the mechanical and electrical rotor frequency and to match the grid and rotor frequency. The application of power electronics provides control of active and reactive power, enabling active voltage control. In this type of system, up to approximately 40% of the power output goes through the inverter to the grid, the other part goes directly to the grid, and the window of speed variations is approximately 40% up and down from synchronous speed. Type D wind turbines come with the classical drive-train (geared), in the direct-drive concept (with slow running generator) and even in a hybrid version (low step-up gearbox, and medium speed generator). Various types of generators are being used: synchronous generators with wound rotors, permanent magnet generators and squirrel cage induction generators. In type D wind turbines the stator is connected to the grid via a full-power electronic converter. The rotor has excitation windings or permanent magnets. Being completely decoupled from the grid, it can provide an even wider range of operating speeds than type C, and has a broader range of reactive power and voltage control capacities. chApTEr 2 Windgenerationandwindplants:theessentials Suzlon Nordex Siemens Bonus Ecotecnia Vestas (V27, V34, V47) GE Repower Vestas Nordex Gamesa Alstom Acciona Windpower Suzlon Bard Kenersys Enercon MEG (Multibrid) GE Winwind Siemens Leitner Mtorres Lagerwey Power plant capabilities Voltage control Reactive power control Voltage control (power quality) Reactive power Voltage control Fault ride through Reactive power Active power Voltage control Fault ride through European market share per type class (cumulative) 15% 5% 55% 25% 39
Page 1 and 2: Powering Europe: wind energy and th
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS chapter1 Introduction:
Page 5 and 6: 1 INtrODUctION:aeUrOpeaNVI
Page 7 and 8: available for dealing with variable
Page 9 and 10: Europe has a particular competitive
Page 11 and 12: odies ENTSO-E and ACER, the key del
Page 13 and 14: maINchalleNgeSaNDISSUeS
Page 15 and 16: 4.1 Wind generation and wind plants
Page 17 and 18: such as in Spain, demonstrate that
Page 19 and 20: With the very high shares of wind p
Page 21 and 22: power capacity reaching 265 GW in 2
Page 23 and 24: tablE 1: RolEs anD REsPonsibilitiEs
Page 25 and 26: Grid infrastructure upgrade Reinfor
Page 27 and 28: Institutional and regulatory aspect
Page 29 and 30: Legend The grid maps depict the evo
Page 31 and 32: European renewable energy grid 2020
Page 33 and 34: European renewable energy grid 2040
Page 35 and 36: 2 WINDgeNeratIONaNDWIND
Page 37: operates below its peak efficiency
Page 41 and 42: fiGURE 2: winD tURbinE PowER CURVE
Page 43 and 44: grid, such as large conventional ge
Page 45 and 46: Of special interest for system oper
Page 47 and 48: fiGURE 6: ExaMPlE of thE sMoothinG
Page 49 and 50: temperature gradients, wind speeds
Page 51 and 52: fiGURE 10: foRECast aCCURaCy in sPa
Page 53 and 54: 1.4 Impacts of large-scale wind pow
Page 55 and 56: cONNectINgWINDpOWertOth
Page 57 and 58: 2.2 An overview of the present grid
Page 59 and 60: network element is important for sy
Page 61 and 62: The implementation of further liber
Page 63 and 64: to 24 hours ahead). Furthermore, we
Page 65 and 66: INtrODUctION While today’s power
Page 67 and 68: alancingdemand,conventional
Page 73 and 74: Improvedwindpowermanagemen
Page 75 and 76: WaySOfeNhaNcINgWINDpOWe
Page 77 and 78: Waysofenhancingwindpowe
Page 79 and 80: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 81 and 82: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 83 and 84: Nationalandeuropeanintegra
Page 89 and 90:
Nationalandeuropeanintegra
Page 91 and 92:
92 aNNex:prINcIpleSOfpOWer
Page 93 and 94:
4 UpgraDINgelectrIcItyNetWOrk
Page 95 and 96:
transportation of power from genera
Page 97 and 98:
ImmeDIateOppOrtUNItIeSfOrU
Page 99 and 100:
lONgertermImprOVemeNtStO
Page 101 and 102:
it compares favourably to a radial
Page 103 and 104:
It was found that despite TEN-E, th
Page 105 and 106:
• Reduce dependency on gas and oi
Page 107 and 108:
technology with the following typic
Page 109 and 110:
network planning carried out by the
Page 111 and 112:
The studies either allocate the tot
Page 113 and 114:
existing distributed assets includi
Page 115 and 116:
SUmmary Upgrading the European n
Page 117 and 118:
5 electrIcItymarketDeSIgN Pho
Page 119 and 120:
arrIerStOINtegratINgWIND
Page 121 and 122:
DeVelOpmeNtSINtheeUrOpeaN
Page 123 and 124:
3.3 Legal framework for further lib
Page 125 and 126:
• Wind power support schemes are
Page 127 and 128:
guideline and subsequent network co
Page 129 and 130:
ackgrOUND Wind power in the EU has
Page 131 and 132:
INtrODUctION This study aims to ana
Page 133 and 134:
Introduction However, this study in
Page 135 and 136:
SUmmaryOffINDINgS Numerous st
Page 137 and 138:
methODOlOgy This chapter describes
Page 139 and 140:
methodology 4.2 Modelling Modelling
Page 141 and 142:
aNalySIS 5.1 Modelling results Meri
Page 143 and 144:
analysis In order to assess the mer
Page 145 and 146:
analysis Merit order and volume mer
Page 147 and 148:
analysis fiGURE 9: EnDoGEnoUs inVEs
Page 149 and 150:
analysis fiGURE 11: total installED
Page 151 and 152:
analysis fiGURE 14: tRaDE flows foR
Page 153 and 154:
analysis fiGURE 15: sEnsitiVity anD
Page 155 and 156:
analysis and natural gas in the bas
Page 157 and 158:
analysis equilibrium price of €90
Page 159 and 160:
cONclUSION The modelling analysi
Page 161 and 162:
aNNex 7.1 Assumptions in the model
Page 163 and 164:
annex fiGURE 19: lonG-tERM MaRGinal
Page 165 and 166:
annex The Classic Carbon model is a
Page 167 and 168:
annex marketpowermodelling Al
Page 169 and 170:
eferences,glossaryandabbre
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
show all

Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?