Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

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fiGURE 8: aVERaGE wholEsalE PRiCEs PER CoUntRy foR2020 Wholesale price [€ cents per kWh] 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Austria Belgium Czech Wholesale prices Denmark In both scenarios and in most countries, input data assumptions are made so that the amount of new deployment of wind energy is larger than the increase in power demand, and that wind energy will replace the most expensive power plants. This will lower the average price levels. In the EU the expected price level for 2020 is around 8.9 €cent/kWh for the Reference Scenario (Figure 8), with a significant higher price in the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia. In the latter countries, the average price is about 50% higher than the EU average. The main reason for their high average price levels are that these countries base their generation very much on coal power, which means there are relatively high carbon costs. In these countries, some old power plants are very inefficient and therefore emit significantly more carbon. In addition, for Finland France Germany chApTEr 6 themeritordereffectoflarge-scalewindintegration Average wholesale prices in 2020 Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Reference 2020 WIND 2020 Price difference Switserland the Czech Republic and Poland, power demand in the Reference scenario exceeds the country’s power capacity. Highly expensive technologies therefore have to produce power in order to cover demand. These two countries are net importers of electricity, mainly from Germany and Slovakia. As a consequence of its large amounts of exports to Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary, Slovakia has also become a high price region. And Hungary also lacks its own generation capacities, so it imports from high price regions like the Czech Republic and Slovakia (see more details on page 150, Trade flows). In the Wind scenario, average prices are about 18% lower than in the Reference scenario. The EU average price is around 7.3 €cent/kWh in the Wind scenario. Again, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia have higher prices than the EU average, but only around 15% higher, which is a smaller price difference than in the Reference scenario. Estonia Latvia Lithuania UK 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Price difference in % 149
analysis fiGURE 9: EnDoGEnoUs inVEstMEnts foR DiffEREnt sCEnaRios Until 2020 150 Investment capacities [1000 MWe] 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Austria Belgium Czech Different effects can be seen in the hydropower-dominated countries Sweden, Finland and Norway to those seen in the thermal-based countries on the European continent. In addition to the extreme price differences for Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia, as described above, Figure 8 also indicates that wind energy lowers the price more in some hydro-based countries, namely Finland, Sweden, Norway and Portugal. Here, a largescale implementation of wind power means there is a greater need for flexible production within the country rather than for exporting hydro power to deliver balancing services in neighbouring countries. This means trade flows from these countries to neighbours are decreased in the Wind scenario (see Figure 13). Consequently, large-scale wind implementation increases the incentive to invest in more grid capacity Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary Endogenous investments Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Lignite Reference 2020 Lignite WIND 2020 Coal Reference 2020 Coal WIND 2020 Gas Reference 2020 Gas WIND 2020 Sweden Switserland i.e. in more interconnection capacity between different price areas. Other results Investments Large wind power investments supersede the additional investments in conventional power plants that would otherwise be needed in order to match power supply and demand. The types of technologies that are replaced depend on the investments that would have been made without the large-scale deployment of wind power. Due to an increase in power demand and plans to decommission some nuclear power plants and old conventional plants additional investments in conventional power are expected to be needed. Estonia Latvia Lithuania UK Powering Europe: wind energy and the electricity grid
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Powering Europe: wind energy and th
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CONTENTS chapter1 Introduction:
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1 INtrODUctION:aeUrOpeaNVI
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available for dealing with variable
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Europe has a particular competitive
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odies ENTSO-E and ACER, the key del
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maINchalleNgeSaNDISSUeS
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4.1 Wind generation and wind plants
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such as in Spain, demonstrate that
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With the very high shares of wind p
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power capacity reaching 265 GW in 2
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tablE 1: RolEs anD REsPonsibilitiEs
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Grid infrastructure upgrade Reinfor
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Institutional and regulatory aspect
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Legend The grid maps depict the evo
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European renewable energy grid 2020
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European renewable energy grid 2040
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2 WINDgeNeratIONaNDWIND
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operates below its peak efficiency
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tablE 1: oVERViEw of winD tURbinE C
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fiGURE 2: winD tURbinE PowER CURVE
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grid, such as large conventional ge
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Of special interest for system oper
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fiGURE 6: ExaMPlE of thE sMoothinG
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temperature gradients, wind speeds
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fiGURE 10: foRECast aCCURaCy in sPa
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1.4 Impacts of large-scale wind pow
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cONNectINgWINDpOWertOth
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2.2 An overview of the present grid
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network element is important for sy
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The implementation of further liber
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to 24 hours ahead). Furthermore, we
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INtrODUctION While today’s power
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alancingdemand,conventional
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Improvedwindpowermanagemen
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WaySOfeNhaNcINgWINDpOWe
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Waysofenhancingwindpowe
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Windpower’scontributiont
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Windpower’scontributiont
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Nationalandeuropeanintegra
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92 aNNex:prINcIpleSOfpOWer
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4 UpgraDINgelectrIcItyNetWOrk
Page 95 and 96: transportation of power from genera
Page 97 and 98: ImmeDIateOppOrtUNItIeSfOrU
Page 99 and 100: lONgertermImprOVemeNtStO
Page 101 and 102: it compares favourably to a radial
Page 103 and 104: It was found that despite TEN-E, th
Page 105 and 106: • Reduce dependency on gas and oi
Page 107 and 108: technology with the following typic
Page 109 and 110: network planning carried out by the
Page 111 and 112: The studies either allocate the tot
Page 113 and 114: existing distributed assets includi
Page 115 and 116: SUmmary Upgrading the European n
Page 117 and 118: 5 electrIcItymarketDeSIgN Pho
Page 119 and 120: arrIerStOINtegratINgWIND
Page 121 and 122: DeVelOpmeNtSINtheeUrOpeaN
Page 123 and 124: 3.3 Legal framework for further lib
Page 125 and 126: • Wind power support schemes are
Page 127 and 128: guideline and subsequent network co
Page 129 and 130: ackgrOUND Wind power in the EU has
Page 131 and 132: INtrODUctION This study aims to ana
Page 133 and 134: Introduction However, this study in
Page 135 and 136: SUmmaryOffINDINgS Numerous st
Page 137 and 138: methODOlOgy This chapter describes
Page 139 and 140: methodology 4.2 Modelling Modelling
Page 141 and 142: aNalySIS 5.1 Modelling results Meri
Page 143 and 144: analysis In order to assess the mer
Page 145: analysis Merit order and volume mer
Page 149 and 150: analysis fiGURE 11: total installED
Page 151 and 152: analysis fiGURE 14: tRaDE flows foR
Page 153 and 154: analysis fiGURE 15: sEnsitiVity anD
Page 155 and 156: analysis and natural gas in the bas
Page 157 and 158: analysis equilibrium price of €90
Page 159 and 160: cONclUSION The modelling analysi
Page 161 and 162: aNNex 7.1 Assumptions in the model
Page 163 and 164: annex fiGURE 19: lonG-tERM MaRGinal
Page 165 and 166: annex The Classic Carbon model is a
Page 167 and 168: annex marketpowermodelling Al
Page 169 and 170: eferences,glossaryandabbre
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