Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Windgenerationandwindfarms–theessentials tablE 4: winD faRM ChaRaCtERistiCs * annual base, depends largely on the site’s average wind speed and on matching specific power and site average wind speed ** per km2 ground or sea surface *** values valid onshore, including planned outages for regular maintenance 1.2 Variability of wind power production Wind power: variable generation embedded in a variable electricity system Wind power fluctuates over time, mainly under the influence of meteorological conditions. The variations occur on all time scales: seconds, minutes, hours, 42 wind farm characteristic , typical value Rated wind farm sizes (MW) Number of turbines 1 – several hundreds Specific rated power offshore (MW/km²) Specific rated power onshore (MW/km²) Capacity factor (=load factor)* onshore / offshore (%) / Full load equivalent* (h) onshore/ offshore Specific annual energy output onshore** (GWh/km² year) 30 - 40 Specific annual energy output offshore** (GWh/km² year) 20 – 50 Technical availability*** (%) ; 97 Demand and Wind [MW] Wind penetration (%) days, months, seasons, years. Understanding these variations and their predictability is of key importance to the integration and optimal utilisation of the power system. Both demand and supply are inherently variable in electric power systems, and are designed to cope with this variability in an efficient way. Electrical demand is highly variable, dependent on a large number of factors, such as the weather (ambient temperature), daylight conditions, factory and TV schedules, and so on. The system operator needs to manage both predictable and unpredictable events in the fiGURE 3: winD EnERGy, ElECtRiCity DEManD anD instantanEoUs PEnEtRation lEVEl in wEst DEnMaRk foR a wEEk in JanUaRy 2005 (lEft) anD iRElanD foR 3 Days in noVEMbER 2009 (RiGht) 2,500 2,000 101% 98% Demand Wind % Wind 100 90 80 70 5,000 4,000 43% 45% Demand Wind % Wind 1,500 60 50 3,000 1,000 40 30 2,000 500 20 10 1,000 0 10/01 11/01 12/01 13/01 14/01 15/01 16/01 0 0 21/11/09 22/11/09 23/11/09 Demand and Wind [MW] Source: www.energinet.dk Source: www.eirgrid.com 50 40 30 20 10 Wind penetration (%) Powering Europe: wind energy and the electricity grid 0
grid, such as large conventional generators suddenly dropping off line and errors in demand forecast. Obviously, as illustrated in Figure 3, wind energy’s share of production – which can be quite high - determines how much system operation will be affected by wind variability. Variableversusintermittentgeneration Wind power is sometimes incorrectly considered to be an intermittent generator. This is misleading. At power system level, wind power does not start and stop at irregular intervals (which is the meaning of intermittent, and which is a characteristic of conventional generation). Even in extreme events such as storms it takes hours for most of the wind turbines in a system area to shut down. For example in the storm of 8 January 2005, it took six hours for the aggregated wind power in Western Denmark to shut down from 90% to 10% production. Moreover, periods with zero wind power production are predictable and the transition to zero power is gradual over time. It is also worthwhile considering that the technical availability of wind turbines is very high (98%) compared to other technologies. Another advantage of wind power in this respect is its modular and distributed installation in the power system. Breakdown of a single unit has a negligible effect on the overall availability. Thus, the term intermittent is inappropriate for system wide wind power and the qualifier variable generation should be used. Short-term variability For grid integration purposes, the short-term variability of wind power (from minutes to several hours) is the most important. It affects the scheduling of generation units, and balancing power and the determination of reserves needed. The short-term variability of wind power, as experienced in the power system, is determined by short-term wind variations (weather patterns), and the geographical spread of wind power plants. chApTEr 2 Windgenerationandwindplants:theessentials The total variability experienced in the power system is determined by simultaneous variations in loads for all wind power plants and other generation units. The impact of the short-term variation of wind power on a power system depends on the amount of wind power capacity and on many factors specific to the power system in question (generation mix, degree of interconnection), as well as how effectively it is operated to handle the additional variability (use of forecasting, balancing strategy). Analysing the available power and wind measurements at typical wind plant locations allows the variations in net power output expected for a given time period, i.e. within a minute, within an hour or over several hours, to be quantified. The distinction between these specific time scales is made because this type of information corresponds to the various types of power plants for balancing. Experience and power system analyses show that the power system handles this short-term variability rather well. Variationswithintheminute:notanoticeable impact The fast variations (seconds to one minute) of aggregated wind power output as a consequence of turbulence or transient events are quite small as can be seen in the operational data of wind farms. As a result they are hardly felt by the system. Variationswithinthehourarefeltbythesystemat largerpenetrationlevels These variations (10-30 minutes) are not easy to predict, but they even out to a great extent with geographic dispersion of wind plants. Generally they remain within ±10% of installed wind power capacity for geographically distributed wind farms. The most significant variations in power output are related to wind speed variations in the range of 25 – 75% of rated power, where the slope of the power curve is the steepest. The variations within an hour are significant for the power system and will influence balancing capacities when their magnitude becomes comparable to variations in demand; in general this will be from wind energy penetration levels of 5 to 10% upwards. 43
Page 1 and 2: Powering Europe: wind energy and th
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS chapter1 Introduction:
Page 5 and 6: 1 INtrODUctION:aeUrOpeaNVI
Page 7 and 8: available for dealing with variable
Page 9 and 10: Europe has a particular competitive
Page 11 and 12: odies ENTSO-E and ACER, the key del
Page 13 and 14: maINchalleNgeSaNDISSUeS
Page 15 and 16: 4.1 Wind generation and wind plants
Page 17 and 18: such as in Spain, demonstrate that
Page 19 and 20: With the very high shares of wind p
Page 21 and 22: power capacity reaching 265 GW in 2
Page 23 and 24: tablE 1: RolEs anD REsPonsibilitiEs
Page 25 and 26: Grid infrastructure upgrade Reinfor
Page 27 and 28: Institutional and regulatory aspect
Page 29 and 30: Legend The grid maps depict the evo
Page 31 and 32: European renewable energy grid 2020
Page 33 and 34: European renewable energy grid 2040
Page 35 and 36: 2 WINDgeNeratIONaNDWIND
Page 37 and 38: operates below its peak efficiency
Page 39 and 40: tablE 1: oVERViEw of winD tURbinE C
Page 41: fiGURE 2: winD tURbinE PowER CURVE
Page 45 and 46: Of special interest for system oper
Page 47 and 48: fiGURE 6: ExaMPlE of thE sMoothinG
Page 49 and 50: temperature gradients, wind speeds
Page 51 and 52: fiGURE 10: foRECast aCCURaCy in sPa
Page 53 and 54: 1.4 Impacts of large-scale wind pow
Page 55 and 56: cONNectINgWINDpOWertOth
Page 57 and 58: 2.2 An overview of the present grid
Page 59 and 60: network element is important for sy
Page 61 and 62: The implementation of further liber
Page 63 and 64: to 24 hours ahead). Furthermore, we
Page 65 and 66: INtrODUctION While today’s power
Page 67 and 68: alancingdemand,conventional
Page 73 and 74: Improvedwindpowermanagemen
Page 75 and 76: WaySOfeNhaNcINgWINDpOWe
Page 77 and 78: Waysofenhancingwindpowe
Page 79 and 80: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 81 and 82: Windpower’scontributiont
Page 83 and 84: Nationalandeuropeanintegra
Page 91 and 92: 92 aNNex:prINcIpleSOfpOWer
Page 93 and 94:
4 UpgraDINgelectrIcItyNetWOrk
Page 95 and 96:
transportation of power from genera
Page 97 and 98:
ImmeDIateOppOrtUNItIeSfOrU
Page 99 and 100:
lONgertermImprOVemeNtStO
Page 101 and 102:
it compares favourably to a radial
Page 103 and 104:
It was found that despite TEN-E, th
Page 105 and 106:
• Reduce dependency on gas and oi
Page 107 and 108:
technology with the following typic
Page 109 and 110:
network planning carried out by the
Page 111 and 112:
The studies either allocate the tot
Page 113 and 114:
existing distributed assets includi
Page 115 and 116:
SUmmary Upgrading the European n
Page 117 and 118:
5 electrIcItymarketDeSIgN Pho
Page 119 and 120:
arrIerStOINtegratINgWIND
Page 121 and 122:
DeVelOpmeNtSINtheeUrOpeaN
Page 123 and 124:
3.3 Legal framework for further lib
Page 125 and 126:
• Wind power support schemes are
Page 127 and 128:
guideline and subsequent network co
Page 129 and 130:
ackgrOUND Wind power in the EU has
Page 131 and 132:
INtrODUctION This study aims to ana
Page 133 and 134:
Introduction However, this study in
Page 135 and 136:
SUmmaryOffINDINgS Numerous st
Page 137 and 138:
methODOlOgy This chapter describes
Page 139 and 140:
methodology 4.2 Modelling Modelling
Page 141 and 142:
aNalySIS 5.1 Modelling results Meri
Page 143 and 144:
analysis In order to assess the mer
Page 145 and 146:
analysis Merit order and volume mer
Page 147 and 148:
analysis fiGURE 9: EnDoGEnoUs inVEs
Page 149 and 150:
analysis fiGURE 11: total installED
Page 151 and 152:
analysis fiGURE 14: tRaDE flows foR
Page 153 and 154:
analysis fiGURE 15: sEnsitiVity anD
Page 155 and 156:
analysis and natural gas in the bas
Page 157 and 158:
analysis equilibrium price of €90
Page 159 and 160:
cONclUSION The modelling analysi
Page 161 and 162:
aNNex 7.1 Assumptions in the model
Page 163 and 164:
annex fiGURE 19: lonG-tERM MaRGinal
Page 165 and 166:
annex The Classic Carbon model is a
Page 167 and 168:
annex marketpowermodelling Al
Page 169 and 170:
eferences,glossaryandabbre
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
show all

Powering Europe - European Wind Energy Association

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?