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and Rao, 2008). Because of the uneven distribution of IPRs matched pair comparisons were used. The same amount of non-IPR businesses was selected with the simple random sampling method from the overall group of 320 as counterparts for 28 IPR active companies. The remaining 292 non- selected observations were used in cross- validation process to improve the overall validity of the study. In practise this means that all the firms (n=348) were used in the analyses and have an impact on the results. The sampling procedure alleviates the problems of the skewed data distribution since micro and large firms are not included in the data. As Almus (2002) pointed out, the use of the total corporate population may emphasize the relative growth in micro firms and the absolute growth in large firms. Especially, in SME databases this kind of definitional bias could be avoided without the need to use special indexes such as the Birch index.
4. Results The descriptive statistics (Table 1) show that the distribution of the branch of industry is problematic because of a very small amount of observations in some industry groups. Moreover, the branch of industry and the location are dichotomic variables, which limits the interpretation of their impact in the model. The size, age and success of the firm do not cause similar problems since they all are continuous variables. Based on the data characteristics (Table 1) about 8% of the growing SMEs in the sample (n=348) did possess at least 1 IPR during the examination period of 1988-2005. The low amount of IPRs could be explained in some cases by strategies and the ownership of IPRs. In small firms, especially, the owner of the IPRs may be the entrepreneur, not the firm. Moreover, they could be bought or rented, for example by using licenses. There may be situations in which the firm could patent its R&D outputs but chooses not to do so. This kind of action could be connected to situations in which the patenting costs are larger than the value creation. IPRs may even cause problems that could harm the competitive situation if the competitors take advantage of valuable public information in patent applications (Heimonen and Virtanen, 2009). The meaning of one single IPR could be huge to small firms. Heimonen and Virtanen (2009) discovered that some firms could internationalize their business with the exploitation of only one trademark. It seems that innovation activities take multiple forms in firms where certain forms cannot be patented or protected by using IPR. Services and manufacturing branches have relatively more growing SMEs with IPRs than other branches of industry. Most of these firms seem to employ 10-49 people and fall within the age range of 5-19 years. Around one-quarter of the firms in the whole sample and one-fifth of the firms with IPRs are located in rural area. Acs et al., (2008) found that about 23% of growth firms are located in rural areas but over time the number of these firms has been decreasing slightly. The distribution of firms with IPRs confirms Arundel and Kabla’s (1998) idea that the diversity of the firms generating IPRs might be wide. In this study the explanation for this observation may be the definition of IPRs, which include trademarks, utility models and registered designs.
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Aalto University publication series
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Author Tomi Heimonen Name of the do
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Acknowledgements This dissertation
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CONTENTS PART 1: Overview of the di
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List of Articles This thesis is bas
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1 Introduction Some scholars claim
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1 Introduction In addition, the dur
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1 Introduction Figure 1: Framework
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1 Introduction factors that affect
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1 Introduction 1.4 Key concepts and
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2 Literature review and conceptual
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3 Research methodology Constructivi
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3 Research methodology and the meth
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3 Research methodology The data use
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3 Research methodology 3.4 Models a
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3 Research methodology reliable. Se
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3 Research methodology concluded th
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4 Results, evaluation of the studie
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Page 70 and 71: References Abetti, P. A. (2001). Ac
Page 72 and 73: References Bhide, A. (2000). The or
Page 74 and 75: References Creswell, J. W. (2003).
Page 76 and 77: References Golafshani, N. (2003). U
Page 78 and 79: References Leitch, C., Hill, F., an
Page 80 and 81: References Pellikka, J. and Laurone
Page 82 and 83: References Storper, M. (1992). The
Page 84 and 85: Appendixes Overview: Appendix 1: Ke
Page 86 and 87: Appendixes High growth When examini
Page 88 and 89: Appendixes profitability, liquidity
Page 90 and 91: Appendixes Appendix 1 Continued (Ke
Page 92 and 93: Appendixes Appendix 2 Construction
Page 94 and 95: Appendixes Appendix 2 Continued (Co
Page 96 and 97: not increased compared to Eastern F
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Page 100 and 101: propensity for risk taking (Covin a
Page 102 and 103: 2. Former studies and derivation of
Page 104 and 105: firm’s annual sales growth (Arund
Page 106 and 107: H4. Firm success has an impact on t
Page 108 and 109: other branches in which employment
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Characteristics of the dat
Page 114 and 115: firms from other firms. The data in
Page 116 and 117: Table 2. Logistic Regression analys
Page 118 and 119: Public R&D funding was shown to inc
Page 120 and 121: References Achtenhagen, L., Naldi,
Page 122 and 123: Kanter, R. (1985), “Supporting in
Page 124 and 125: Appendix 1. Corporate population ch
Page 126 and 127: Appendix 3. Distribution of personn
Page 128 and 129: 12 Int. J. Business and Globalisati
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412 M. Virtanen and T. Heimonen “
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416 M. Virtanen and T. Heimonen 6 f
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422 M. Virtanen and T. Heimonen the
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432 M. Virtanen and T. Heimonen Cha
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392 Int. J. Entrepreneurial Venturi
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394 J. Siikonen et al. firms’ gro
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396 J. Siikonen et al. generally re
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398 J. Siikonen et al. determinants
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400 J. Siikonen et al. 3.1 National
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402 J. Siikonen et al. 2 the firm
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404 J. Siikonen et al. 4 Results 4.
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406 J. Siikonen et al. innovation a
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408 J. Siikonen et al. the responde
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410 J. Siikonen et al. activities i
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412 J. Siikonen et al. Eastern Finl
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414 J. Siikonen et al. Delmar, F.,
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416 J. Siikonen et al. Oerlemans, L
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418 J. Siikonen et al. Appendix 1 V
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