dissertation in pdf-format - Aalto-yliopisto
dissertation in pdf-format - Aalto-yliopisto
dissertation in pdf-format - Aalto-yliopisto
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3 Research methodology<br />
3.4 Models and operationalization of variables<br />
Quantitative models were applied to meet the research aims and address<br />
the research questions posed <strong>in</strong> Articles I, II and IV. Descriptive statistics,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g distributions of the variables, univariate statistics and factor<br />
analysis, were also used <strong>in</strong> the quantitative analyses.<br />
In Article I, an LRA-model with a b<strong>in</strong>ary dependent variable comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>novation and growth was applied. The <strong>in</strong>dependent explanatory variables<br />
were location, branch of <strong>in</strong>dustry, size, age, success and public R&D<br />
fund<strong>in</strong>g. LRA-modell<strong>in</strong>g was selected partly because it is appropriate for<br />
test<strong>in</strong>g whether a firm belongs to a specific group characterised <strong>in</strong> at least<br />
two dimensions, and partly because LRA-models have fewer restrictive<br />
assumptions than regression analysis and discrim<strong>in</strong>ant analysis models.<br />
In this article, LRA-models are estimated first, ignor<strong>in</strong>g a priori<br />
probabilities, then matched pair comparisons (cross-validation) are<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduced. The <strong>in</strong>novation variable is the numbers of IPRs a company<br />
produced and owned dur<strong>in</strong>g the period 1988-2005, while the growth<br />
variable refers to turnover growth dur<strong>in</strong>g the period 2002-2005. The<br />
relationship between a company’s <strong>in</strong>dustrial sector and comb<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
<strong>in</strong>novativeness and growth was analysed us<strong>in</strong>g univariate statistics, because<br />
of the small numbers of observations <strong>in</strong> some <strong>in</strong>dustrial sectors. All the<br />
other variables were <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the LRA-model.<br />
Several models, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g RA-, DA- and LRA-models, were used <strong>in</strong> Article<br />
II to analyse the characteristics of high growth and highly successful firms.<br />
Growth of the firms was used as the dependent variable, and success as an<br />
<strong>in</strong>dependent variable <strong>in</strong> the RA-growth model, and vice versa <strong>in</strong> the RAsuccess<br />
model. In the DA- and LRA-models a b<strong>in</strong>ary variable <strong>in</strong>tended to<br />
describe simultaneous growth and success of the firms was used as a<br />
dependent variable. Both DA- and LRA-models were estimated ignor<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
a priori probabilities of firms display<strong>in</strong>g high growth and high success<br />
(Model 1) and then matched pair comparisons (cross-validation) were<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduced (Model 2). In Article II explanatory variables <strong>in</strong>cluded location,<br />
branch of <strong>in</strong>dustry, age, size, <strong>in</strong>novation activity and public R&D fund<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
The stepwise process<strong>in</strong>g (conducted us<strong>in</strong>g SPSS-software) <strong>in</strong>cluded some<br />
other explanatory variables and factors (growth <strong>in</strong> personnel, growth of the<br />
branch of <strong>in</strong>dustry, liquidity, profitability and solvency) identified by factor<br />
analysis.<br />
In the analyses presented <strong>in</strong> Article III, data acquired from detailed<br />
longitud<strong>in</strong>al case studies (2000-2009) were used. In Article IV mixed<br />
methods such as LRA-modell<strong>in</strong>g and multiple case study methods were<br />
used to analyse three different data sets and address the research questions.<br />
The dependent variable <strong>in</strong> the LRA-model was the branch of <strong>in</strong>dustry,<br />
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