PhD thesis - University of Hertfordshire Research Archive

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Table A3.1 Reported epidemiological features in published case-control studies of sporadic Campylobacter infection. Factor Publication area (%) 80s (12) Decade (N) 90s (10) 00s (13) Total N America 58 0 38 34 Rest of Europe 33 20 46 34 UK 8 60 8 23 Australasia Study population 0 20 8 9 All 75 80 77 77 Adults 17 20 0 11 Infants & children 8 0 23 11 Percentage indigenous 9 40 62 38 Mean study length (months) 14 7 12 11 Mean sample size 326 456 565 452 Mean number of variables 19 32 106 55 Mean exposure period 7 10 10 9 Mean interview lag 10 10 14 11 Percentage matching 83 100 100 94 Percentage multivariate analysis Foreign travel 17 50 92 54 † % enquiry 60 83 100 76 % risk factor Poultry variables 33 33 50 39 % enquiry – any 75 80 85 80 % enquiry – ch* 58 70 77 69 Mean no. variables – any 4 9 10 8 Mean no. variables – ch* 4 6 8 6 % risk factor – any 89 63 73 75 % risk factor – ch* Other (non-poultry) meats 86 43 50 58 % enquiry 42 70 92 69 Mean no. variables 8 5 6 6 % risk factor Dairy 40 29 42 38 % enquiry 40 100 100 80 % risk factor Water 80 51 31 46 % enquiry 42 60 77 60 % risk factor Animal contact 80 33 40 48 % enquiry 42 60 77 60 % risk factor 80 33 40 48 Total risk factors identified 44 41 55 140 Mean risk factors identified 4 4 4 4 † , Excludes indigenous-only studies; *, chicken 167
Table A3.2. Selected investigated exposures reported in published case-control studies of sporadic Campylobacter infection. Parameter Kist 1982 Severin 1982 Taylor et al. 1983 Hopkins & Scott 1983 Hopkins, Olmsted, & Istre 1984 Oosterom et al. 1984 Engleberg et al. 1984 Kist & Rossner 1985b Harris, Weiss, & Nolan 1986; Harris et al. 1986; Saeed el al. 1993 Salfield & Pugh 1987 Schmid et al. 1987 Deming et al. 1987 Southern, Smith, & Palmer 1990 Lighton, Kaczmarski, & Jones 1991 Hudson et al. 1991 Kapperud et al. 1992 Foreign travel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Restaurants 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 2 Poultry - all 1 2 2 6 1 1 18 2 7 3 3 16 24 5 4 15 3 4 11 8 24 11 1 40 7 1 3 1 Poultry - chicken 2 2 5 1 10 2 6 3 3 2 13 4 14 1 4 10 8 16 3 36 1 1 1 1 Beef 2 1 10 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 10 1 Pork 2 1 1 10 1 2 1 4 3 3 3 1 1 8 1 Lamb 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 Other meat 1 1 1 7 3 1 3 5 1 1 7 3 1 1 Barbecued food 1 1 1 1 1 7 5 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 Fish and shellfish 10 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 Salad, vegetables and fruit Food hygiene practices Elroy & Smyth 1993 Ikram, et al. 1994 Schorr et al. 1994 1 7 1 3 2 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 1 Adak et al. 1995 Eberhart-Phillips et al. 1997 1 1 1 9 4 2 3 6 4 3 1 1 1 Pasteurised milk 7 7 6 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 Unpasteurised milk 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Other dairy 1 1 29 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 Raw water 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 Municipal water 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Private water 3 1 1 1 Contact with dogs 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 5 1 Contact with other animals Environmental exposure Contact with other ill people 8 1 4 10 12 3 3 2 2 10 2 1 2 10 6 4 1 2 8 5 8 29 16 1 9 1 1 1 2 1 1 11 1 3 1 1 1 4 7 2 2 7 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 Neal & Slack 1997 Studahl & Andersson 2000 Effler et al 2001 Rodrigues et al. 2001 Tenkate & Stafford 2001 Neimann et al. 2003 Kapperud et al. 2003 Potter et al. 2003 Friedman et al. 2004 Schonberg-Norio et al. 2004 Michaud, Menard, & Arbeit 2004 Carrique-Mas et al. 2005 Wingstrand et al. 2006 Fullerton et al, 2007
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Population-Based Sentinel Surveilla
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The research carried out by the can
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Dedication. This thesis is dedicate
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7. Results (the published work). ..
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Statement identifying the degree fo
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Paper Reference Page 6 Gillespie IA
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Statement of the candidate’s cont
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Declaration form. I, Iain Andrew Gi
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2. History. In contrast to other co
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The application of veterinary techn
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The incidence of laboratory-confirm
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were elderly or had a pre-existing
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they would for other bacterial gast
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papers (Pearson et al., 1977; Bruce
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Studies were most frequently conduc
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The content of peer-reviewed public
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infection. An approximation of the
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hypotheses a „blank canvas‟ app
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6. Materials and methods. Regional
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presentation and severity, foreign
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together, etc). The results of the
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and improve response during the stu
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The published work. 7.1 Epidemiolog
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community illness was more common a
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north west England and in Yorkshire
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community was no different from oth
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provide useful insights into the ep
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Cases in case-control studies of la
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8. Discussion. The research carried
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The sentinel health authorities wer
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fundamentally flawed. Since the app
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control studies. The potential role
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Campylobacter spp. from cattle farm
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Cameron, S., Ried, K., Worsley, A.,
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Doyle, L. P. 1948, "The etiology of
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other industrialised countries," in
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Hanel, C. M. & Atanassova, V. 2007,
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Hudson, S. J., Lightfoot, N. F., Co
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Kessel, A. S., Gillespie, I., O'Bri
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costs-of-illness, Rijksinstituut vo
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Department of Health and Human Serv
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Potter, R. C., Kaneene, J. B., & Ha
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Siemer, B. L., Harrington, C. S., N
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Sopwith, W., Birtles, A., Matthews,
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Campylobacter infection: a general
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The published work 90
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Page 144 and 145: Table A1.1: Notable events in the h
Page 146 and 147: Year Human medicine Veterinary medi
Page 148 and 149: Levy, A. J. 1928, "A gastro-enterit
Page 150 and 151: Appendix 2. An assessment of the ro
Page 152 and 153: compare the period after 2000 with
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Page 158 and 159: Table A2.1: Factors affecting the u
Page 160 and 161: Appendix 3. An analytical review of
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Page 170 and 171: Table A3.3 Selected reported risk f
Page 172 and 173: Table A3.5. The effect of various r
Page 174 and 175: Deming, M. S., Tauxe, R. V., Blake,
Page 176 and 177: Harris, N. V., Weiss, N. S., & Nola
Page 178 and 179: Kist, M. & Rossner, R. 1985a, in Ca
Page 180 and 181: Oosterom, J., den Uyl, C. H., Banff
Page 182 and 183: Severin, W. P. J. 1982, "Epidemiolo
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