PhD thesis - University of Hertfordshire Research Archive

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dataset was restricted to all cases of the same age, gender and region and the data were scanned to identify a potential match. The data were then classified in preparation for analysis. In each of the case-case comparison analyses, the effect of the exposures on the particular outcome of interest was investigated by single risk variable analysis using Stata statistical software (Stata Corporation, 1999). Two by two tables (larger for categorical variables) were constructed and Mantel- Haenszel Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated along with confidence intervals and chi-squared significance tests. Exposures associated with the outcome of interest at a significance level greater than 90% (i.e. P
together, etc). The results of the separate proximal analyses were then combined in a single logistic regression model which contained and retained the variables from the final distal model For the disease determinant analysis, appropriate denominator data were obtained from the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Case data were than classified according to the particular classification schemes employed by the ONS and incidence calculated by comparing the case numerator with the population denominator for the different strata within the particular categories under investigation. Relative risks with accompanying 95% confidence intervals and significance tests were calculated where required using Stata. Proportions and categorical proportions were compared using the chi- squared test and the chi squared test for trend respectively, which were calculated using Epi Info (Dean et al., 1996). Further methodological considerations, particular to each study, are described in the following chapter. 40
Page 1 and 2: Population-Based Sentinel Surveilla
Page 3 and 4: The research carried out by the can
Page 5 and 6: Dedication. This thesis is dedicate
Page 7 and 8: 7. Results (the published work). ..
Page 9 and 10: Statement identifying the degree fo
Page 11 and 12: Paper Reference Page 6 Gillespie IA
Page 13 and 14: Statement of the candidate’s cont
Page 15 and 16: Declaration form. I, Iain Andrew Gi
Page 17 and 18: 2. History. In contrast to other co
Page 19 and 20: The application of veterinary techn
Page 21 and 22: The incidence of laboratory-confirm
Page 23 and 24: were elderly or had a pre-existing
Page 25 and 26: they would for other bacterial gast
Page 27 and 28: papers (Pearson et al., 1977; Bruce
Page 29 and 30: Studies were most frequently conduc
Page 31 and 32: The content of peer-reviewed public
Page 33 and 34: infection. An approximation of the
Page 35 and 36: hypotheses a „blank canvas‟ app
Page 37 and 38: 6. Materials and methods. Regional
Page 39: presentation and severity, foreign
Page 43 and 44: and improve response during the stu
Page 45 and 46: The published work. 7.1 Epidemiolog
Page 47 and 48: community illness was more common a
Page 49 and 50: north west England and in Yorkshire
Page 51 and 52: community was no different from oth
Page 53 and 54: provide useful insights into the ep
Page 55 and 56: Cases in case-control studies of la
Page 57 and 58: 8. Discussion. The research carried
Page 59 and 60: The sentinel health authorities wer
Page 61 and 62: fundamentally flawed. Since the app
Page 63 and 64: control studies. The potential role
Page 65 and 66: Campylobacter spp. from cattle farm
Page 67 and 68: Cameron, S., Ried, K., Worsley, A.,
Page 69 and 70: Doyle, L. P. 1948, "The etiology of
Page 71 and 72: other industrialised countries," in
Page 73 and 74: Hanel, C. M. & Atanassova, V. 2007,
Page 75 and 76: Hudson, S. J., Lightfoot, N. F., Co
Page 77 and 78: Kessel, A. S., Gillespie, I., O'Bri
Page 79 and 80: costs-of-illness, Rijksinstituut vo
Page 81 and 82: Department of Health and Human Serv
Page 83 and 84: Potter, R. C., Kaneene, J. B., & Ha
Page 85 and 86: Siemer, B. L., Harrington, C. S., N
Page 87 and 88: Sopwith, W., Birtles, A., Matthews,
Page 89 and 90: Campylobacter infection: a general
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The published work 90
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Table A1.1: Notable events in the h
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Year Human medicine Veterinary medi
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Levy, A. J. 1928, "A gastro-enterit
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Appendix 2. An assessment of the ro
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compare the period after 2000 with
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condition was significantly associa
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Deaths/100,000 cases 600 500 400 30
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Table A2.1: Factors affecting the u
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Appendix 3. An analytical review of
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to indigenously acquired infection
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susceptibility to Campylobacter inf
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year demonstrated that only the num
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Table A3.1 Reported epidemiological
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Table A3.3 Selected reported risk f
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Table A3.5. The effect of various r
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Deming, M. S., Tauxe, R. V., Blake,
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Harris, N. V., Weiss, N. S., & Nola
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Kist, M. & Rossner, R. 1985a, in Ca
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Oosterom, J., den Uyl, C. H., Banff
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Severin, W. P. J. 1982, "Epidemiolo
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Appendix 4. The Campylobacter Senti
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