PhD thesis - University of Hertfordshire Research Archive

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Table 4. Subsequent citation of the publications in this body of work (excludes self-citation). Paper Citation 1 Tam et al., 2003; Evans, Ribeiro, & Salmon, 2003; Best et al., 2003; Altekruse & Tollefson, 2003; Hopkins et al., 2004; Best et al., 2004; Siemer et al. 2004; Mangen, Havelaar, & de Wit, 2004; Miller et al., 2004; Nichols, 2005; Bae et al., 2005; French et al., 2005; Siemer, Nielsen, & On, 2005; Gurtler et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2005; Kolackova & Karpiskova, 2005; Smole Možina & Uzunovic-Kamberovic, 2005; Wilson, 2005; Miller et al., 2006; Tam et al., 2006a; Gilpin et al., 2006; Tam, O'Brien, & Rodrigues, 2006; Black, Kirk, & Millard, 2006; Pennington, 2006; Workman et al., 2006; Samie et al., 2007; D'lima et al., 2007; Litrup, Torpdahl, & Nielsen, 2007; O'Brien & Halder, 2007; Karenlampi et al., 2007; Horrocks et al., 2007; Stafford et al., 2007; Best et al., 2007; Chan et al., 2007; Blanco et al., 2007; Strachan et al., 2007 2 Adak et al.. 2005; Cheng, McDonald, & Thielman., 2005; Gurtler et al., 2005; Wilson, 2005; Alter & Scherer, 2006; Heaton & Jones, 2007; Álvarez, Estrada Lorenzo, & Pérez, 2007; Fussing et al., 2007; Evers, Horneman, & Doorduyn, 2007; Luquero Alcalde et al., 2007; Best et al., 2007 3 Sopwith et al., 2006 4 Osterlund, Hermann, & Kahlmeter, 2003; French et al., 2005; 5 - Humphrey et al., 2005; Uzoigwe, 2005; Rosenbaum, 2005; Wassenaar, Kist, & de Jong, 2007; Johnson et al., 2007; O'Brien & Halder, 2007; Vicente et al., 2008 6 Nelson & Harris, 2006; Hanel & Atanassova, 2007 7 Yip, 2007 8 N/A in press 57
The sentinel health authorities were chosen for their geographical representativeness, with the hope that representation from each of the NHS regions in existence at the time would provide a study population broadly representative of England and Wales as a whole. A number of subtle differences were identified above, however, and these should be considered in terms of their potential bearing on the published findings. The sentinel health authorities contained a greater proportion of dense urban areas than England and Wales as a whole. It is probable that this contributed to the slight excess of Indian and Pakistani communities in the study population, as large cities often have greater populations of individuals from ethnic minorities. These variations in distal measurements would have little effect on the results of case-case analyses, however, as these focus on the effect of proximal measurements on disease risk. Furthermore they would have no effect on the disease determinant analyses, as the denominator used was particular to the sentinel health authorities and so controlled for any underlying population differences. Conversely, the observed variations in response to the questionnaire by age group (slightly lower in young adults; slightly higher in older adults and the elderly) had the potential to affect the findings of paper 8 (Gillespie et al., 2008) in that incidence estimates by age would be biased downwards and upwards respectively for these age groups. This is based on the assumption, however, that all the isolates referred were from sentinel health authority residents, and this is unlikely for the reasons outlined previously. A critique of the suitability of the methods chosen for analysis and their application is also necessary, as is discussion of alternative strategies and their suitability. Exposure information for the fourteen day period prior to patients‟ onset of illness was captured, despite a mean incubation period for Campylobacter infection of three days and an upper range of approximately eight days. This period was chosen to ensure that all potential disease exposure events for as many patients as possible were captured, as the potential existed for exposures at the outer limit of the incubation period to be important, or for the incubation period to be underestimated. In doing so the prevalence of exposure to the proximal variables under investigation will 58
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Population-Based Sentinel Surveilla
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The research carried out by the can
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Dedication. This thesis is dedicate
Page 7 and 8: 7. Results (the published work). ..
Page 9 and 10: Statement identifying the degree fo
Page 11 and 12: Paper Reference Page 6 Gillespie IA
Page 13 and 14: Statement of the candidate’s cont
Page 15 and 16: Declaration form. I, Iain Andrew Gi
Page 17 and 18: 2. History. In contrast to other co
Page 19 and 20: The application of veterinary techn
Page 21 and 22: The incidence of laboratory-confirm
Page 23 and 24: were elderly or had a pre-existing
Page 25 and 26: they would for other bacterial gast
Page 27 and 28: papers (Pearson et al., 1977; Bruce
Page 29 and 30: Studies were most frequently conduc
Page 31 and 32: The content of peer-reviewed public
Page 33 and 34: infection. An approximation of the
Page 35 and 36: hypotheses a „blank canvas‟ app
Page 37 and 38: 6. Materials and methods. Regional
Page 39 and 40: presentation and severity, foreign
Page 41 and 42: together, etc). The results of the
Page 43 and 44: and improve response during the stu
Page 45 and 46: The published work. 7.1 Epidemiolog
Page 47 and 48: community illness was more common a
Page 49 and 50: north west England and in Yorkshire
Page 51 and 52: community was no different from oth
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Page 55 and 56: Cases in case-control studies of la
Page 57: 8. Discussion. The research carried
Page 61 and 62: fundamentally flawed. Since the app
Page 63 and 64: control studies. The potential role
Page 65 and 66: Campylobacter spp. from cattle farm
Page 67 and 68: Cameron, S., Ried, K., Worsley, A.,
Page 69 and 70: Doyle, L. P. 1948, "The etiology of
Page 71 and 72: other industrialised countries," in
Page 73 and 74: Hanel, C. M. & Atanassova, V. 2007,
Page 75 and 76: Hudson, S. J., Lightfoot, N. F., Co
Page 77 and 78: Kessel, A. S., Gillespie, I., O'Bri
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Page 85 and 86: Siemer, B. L., Harrington, C. S., N
Page 87 and 88: Sopwith, W., Birtles, A., Matthews,
Page 89 and 90: Campylobacter infection: a general
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Table A1.1: Notable events in the h
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Year Human medicine Veterinary medi
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Levy, A. J. 1928, "A gastro-enterit
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Appendix 2. An assessment of the ro
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compare the period after 2000 with
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condition was significantly associa
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Deaths/100,000 cases 600 500 400 30
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Table A2.1: Factors affecting the u
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Appendix 3. An analytical review of
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to indigenously acquired infection
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susceptibility to Campylobacter inf
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year demonstrated that only the num
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Table A3.1 Reported epidemiological
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Table A3.3 Selected reported risk f
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Table A3.5. The effect of various r
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Deming, M. S., Tauxe, R. V., Blake,
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Harris, N. V., Weiss, N. S., & Nola
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Kist, M. & Rossner, R. 1985a, in Ca
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Oosterom, J., den Uyl, C. H., Banff
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Severin, W. P. J. 1982, "Epidemiolo
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Appendix 4. The Campylobacter Senti
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