Protocols for Secure Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

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x Contents 4.5.1 A Combined Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.5.2 Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.6 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5 Multipath Communication 129 5.1 Principles of Multipath Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 5.1.1 Single vs. Multiple Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 5.1.2 Advantages of Multiple Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.1.3 Path Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.2 Routing on Spanning Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5.2.1 The Basic Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5.2.2 Spanning Tree Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.2.3 Addressing on Spanning Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.2.4 Message Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.2.5 Choice of Tree Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.3 Properties of Tree Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.3.1 Spatial Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.3.2 Path Disjointness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 5.3.3 Traffic Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 5.3.4 Delivery Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.4 Security Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 5.4.1 Basic Security Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 5.4.2 Resilience Against Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 5.5 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5.5.1 Multiple Paths for Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5.5.2 Spatial Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 5.5.3 Threshold Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6 Integrity-Preserving Communications 157 6.1 Authentication and Integrity Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.1.2 Identity, Integrity, and Authentication in WSNs . . . . 160 6.2 Basic Interleaved Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.2.1 Protocol Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.2.2 Formal Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 6.2.3 Interaction with Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.2.4 Application to Data Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Contents xi 6.3 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 6.3.1 Single Message Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 6.3.2 Multiple Messages Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 6.4 Security Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 6.4.1 Analytical Assessment of Resilience . . . . . . . . . . 179 6.4.2 Numerical Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 6.4.3 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6.4.4 Addressing Message Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 6.4.5 MAC Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 6.4.6 Example: A Dynamic Application Scenario . . . . . . 193 6.5 Extended Interleaved Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.5.1 Protocol Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 6.5.2 Establishing Shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 6.5.3 Long-Range Interleavings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 6.5.4 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.5.5 Security Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.6 Comparing Interleaved and Multipath Authentication . . . . . 207 6.6.1 Multiple Physical vs. Virtual Paths . . . . . . . . . . . 207 6.6.2 Combining Authentication Techniques . . . . . . . . . 208 6.7 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 6.7.1 Coupling Heterogeneous Networks . . . . . . . . . . 210 6.7.2 Physical-World Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 6.7.3 Internet Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 6.7.4 E-Mail Origin Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 6.8 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 6.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 7 Conclusion 217 7.1 Secure Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . 218 7.1.1 Key Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 7.1.2 Multiple Path Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 7.1.3 Interleaved Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 7.1.4 Shortcut Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 7.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Bibliography 223
Page 1: Diss. ETH Nr. 18174 Protocols for S
Page 4 and 5: ii often ad hoc and transient natur
Page 6 and 7: iv Dieses Ziel kann durch kryptogra
Page 9 and 10: Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Backg
Page 11: Contents ix 3.3.1 Basic Assumptions
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Backgrou
Page 17 and 18: 1.3. Contributions 3 on the other h
Page 19 and 20: 1.4. Thesis Outline 5 • Mario Str
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Wireless Sensor Networks
Page 23 and 24: 2.1. Applications of Wireless Senso
Page 25 and 26: 2.1. Applications of Wireless Senso
Page 27 and 28: 2.2. Sensor Node Characteristics 13
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. Related Network Types 21 zero,
Page 37 and 38: 2.3. Related Network Types 23 • P
Page 39 and 40: 2.3. Related Network Types 25 PAN,
Page 41 and 42: 2.4. Related Device Types 27 in con
Page 43 and 44: 2.4. Related Device Types 29 ports
Page 45 and 46: 2.5. Sensor Network Models 31 both
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. Sensor Network Models 33 are a
Page 49 and 50: 2.6. Simulation of Sensor Networks
Page 55 and 56: 2.7. Security Requirements 41 terac
Page 57 and 58: 2.7. Security Requirements 43 netwo
Page 59 and 60: 2.7. Security Requirements 45 acces
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2.7. Security Requirements 49 of te
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2.8. Cryptography for Sensor Networ
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2.9. Existing Approaches to Wireles
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Chapter 3 A Security Model for Wire
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3.1. Attack Paths 67 field (cf. [17
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3.1. Attack Paths 69 modules [63].
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3.1. Attack Paths 71 closed environ
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3.2. Attack Objectives 73 • Timel
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3.2. Attack Objectives 75 Critical
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3.2. Attack Objectives 77 Actors A
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3.3. Adversary Characteristics 79 a
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3.3. Adversary Characteristics 81 c
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3.3. Adversary Characteristics 83 p
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3.4. The Cost of End-to-End Securit
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3.4. The Cost of End-to-End Securit
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3.5. Approximating End-to-End Secur
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3.7. Summary 95 Location-constraine
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Chapter 4 Key Establishment Shared
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4.2. Random Key Pre-Distribution 99
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4.3. Key Agreement Based on Hash Ch
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4.4. Multiple Hash Chains for Key A
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4.4. Multiple Hash Chains for Key A
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4.5. Strengthening Random Key Pre-D
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4.6. Related Work 123 pc = 0.33 Du-
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4.6. Related Work 125 Probability o
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4.7. Summary 127 The security of th
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Chapter 5 Multipath Communication T
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5.1. Principles of Multipath Commun
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5.2. Routing on Spanning Trees 133
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5.3. Properties of Tree Paths 141 b
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5.3. Properties of Tree Paths 143 a
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5.3. Properties of Tree Paths 145 n
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5.3. Properties of Tree Paths 147 F
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5.3. Properties of Tree Paths 149 D
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5.4. Security Evaluation 151 compro
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5.5. Related Work 153 width usage a
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5.5. Related Work 155 separation. F
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Chapter 6 Integrity-Preserving Comm
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6.1. Authentication and Integrity P
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6.2. Basic Interleaved Authenticati
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6.3. Performance Evaluation 175 A B
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6.3. Performance Evaluation 177 We
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6.4. Security Evaluation 179 Bandwi
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6.4. Security Evaluation 181 a sens
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6.4. Security Evaluation 183 Number
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6.4. Security Evaluation 185 We ass
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6.4. Security Evaluation 187 Paths
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6.4. Security Evaluation 189 ity of
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6.4. Security Evaluation 191 of the
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6.4. Security Evaluation 193 The se
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6.5. Extended Interleaved Authentic
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6.6. Comparing Interleaved and Mult
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6.7. Applications 209 Psi 1 0.8 0.6
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6.7. Applications 211 codes are att
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6.7. Applications 213 domain. The r
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6.9. Summary 215 simulations and by
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Chapter 7 Conclusion This work prop
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7.1. Secure Communication in Wirele
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7.2. Future Work 221 7.1.4 Shortcut
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Bibliography [1] Specification of t
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Bibliography 225 1st European Works
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Bibliography 227 [41] Rohan Chitrad
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Bibliography 229 [64] L. Eschenauer
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Bibliography 231 [85] Yahoo! Inc. D
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Bibliography 233 [105] Kristof Van
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Bibliography 235 [126] Anne Marie M
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Bibliography 237 [150] Sylvia Ratna
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Bibliography 239 [172] Thanos Stath
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Bibliography 241 [192] Eric W. Weis
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Curriculum Vitae Harald Vogt Person
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