Protocols for Secure Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

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188 Chapter 6. Integrity-Preserving Communications Psi 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Resilience under attack Random spread; hop-to-hop authentication Random spread Hitpoints Concentrated Partition 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Compromised nodes Figure 6.16: Resilience of Canvas under various attacks While Canvas is able to maintain the integrity of many communication paths under a random spread attack, at least for small attack sizes, it is more difficult for attacks where captured nodes are arranged into some structure. If compromised nodes are clustered, they can manipulate many more paths. Figure 6.16 shows simulation results for all four attack types. The partitioning attack, which is the most structured attack, has the highest impact on the communication security. It is very effective in breaking the protection provided by Canvas, as it is designed for this purpose. Under this attack, Canvas provides only a very small advantage compared to link-only authentication. Under other attacks, Canvas performs much better, but it is clear that structured attacks are very effective even for a small number of compromised nodes. A “concentrated” and a “hitpoint” attack will also reduce the number of functional paths quickly. The concentrated attack is more efficient for a small number of compromised nodes than the hitpoint attack. This shows that a big cluster of nodes controlled by the attacker is more effective than distributed pockets of nodes. However, if more nodes can be compromised, it is better to distribute them in smaller clusters. In general, the effectiveness of these two attacks is reduced when more nodes are compromised – the benefit of an additional compromised node is reduced. This suggests that there are areas in the network that are hardly affected by the progressing attack. Another way of assessing the security of a network under attack is the abil-
6.4. Security Evaluation 189 ity of the network to reach consensus among the uncompromised nodes. As long as more than 2/3 of the nodes are uncompromised, consensus is possible. However, only those nodes that are able to communicate securely to the uncompromised nodes are able to draw the same conclusion. The number of nodes that are able to do so serves as the second security measure. Using an endto-end scheme, all uncompromised nodes would be able to reach agreement if no more than 2/3 of the nodes are compromised. As soon as this threshold is exceeded, no agreement is possible anymore. Consensus-enabled nodes 500 400 300 200 100 Consensus enabled nodes under attack End-to-end authentication Random spread; hop-to-hop authentication Random spread Hitpoints Concentrated Partition 0 0 50 100 150 200 Compromised nodes Figure 6.17: Consensus-enabled nodes under different attacks Consensus-enabled nodes 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 0.8 Consensus enabled nodes under attack 0.6 Psi 0.4 Random spread Hitpoints Concentrated Partition Figure 6.18: Correspondence between Ψ and consensus-enabled nodes Figure 6.17 shows how Canvas behaves with regard to consensus-enabled nodes under different attacks. For comparison, the behaviour of hop-to-hop authentication under a random spread attack is also included. 0.2 0
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Diss. ETH Nr. 18174 Protocols for S
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ii often ad hoc and transient natur
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iv Dieses Ziel kann durch kryptogra
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Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Backg
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Contents ix 3.3.1 Basic Assumptions
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Contents xi 6.3 Performance Evaluat
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Backgrou
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1.3. Contributions 3 on the other h
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1.4. Thesis Outline 5 • Mario Str
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Chapter 2 Wireless Sensor Networks
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2.1. Applications of Wireless Senso
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2.1. Applications of Wireless Senso
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2.2. Sensor Node Characteristics 13
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2.3. Related Network Types 21 zero,
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2.3. Related Network Types 23 • P
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2.3. Related Network Types 25 PAN,
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2.4. Related Device Types 27 in con
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2.4. Related Device Types 29 ports
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2.5. Sensor Network Models 31 both
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2.5. Sensor Network Models 33 are a
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2.6. Simulation of Sensor Networks
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2.7. Security Requirements 41 terac
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2.7. Security Requirements 43 netwo
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2.7. Security Requirements 45 acces
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2.7. Security Requirements 47 2.7.6
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2.7. Security Requirements 49 of te
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2.8. Cryptography for Sensor Networ
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2.9. Existing Approaches to Wireles
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Chapter 3 A Security Model for Wire
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3.1. Attack Paths 67 field (cf. [17
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3.1. Attack Paths 69 modules [63].
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3.1. Attack Paths 71 closed environ
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3.2. Attack Objectives 73 • Timel
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3.2. Attack Objectives 75 Critical
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3.2. Attack Objectives 77 Actors A
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3.3. Adversary Characteristics 79 a
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3.3. Adversary Characteristics 81 c
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3.3. Adversary Characteristics 83 p
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3.4. The Cost of End-to-End Securit
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3.4. The Cost of End-to-End Securit
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3.5. Approximating End-to-End Secur
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3.7. Summary 95 Location-constraine
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Chapter 4 Key Establishment Shared
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4.2. Random Key Pre-Distribution 99
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4.3. Key Agreement Based on Hash Ch
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4.4. Multiple Hash Chains for Key A
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4.4. Multiple Hash Chains for Key A
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4.5. Strengthening Random Key Pre-D
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4.6. Related Work 123 pc = 0.33 Du-
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4.6. Related Work 125 Probability o
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4.7. Summary 127 The security of th
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Chapter 5 Multipath Communication T
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5.1. Principles of Multipath Commun
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5.2. Routing on Spanning Trees 133
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5.2. Routing on Spanning Trees 135
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Page 155 and 156: 5.3. Properties of Tree Paths 141 b
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Page 161 and 162: 5.3. Properties of Tree Paths 147 F
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Page 167 and 168: 5.5. Related Work 153 width usage a
Page 169 and 170: 5.5. Related Work 155 separation. F
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Page 201: 6.4. Security Evaluation 187 Paths
Page 205 and 206: 6.4. Security Evaluation 191 of the
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Page 223 and 224: 6.7. Applications 209 Psi 1 0.8 0.6
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Page 227 and 228: 6.7. Applications 213 domain. The r
Page 229 and 230: 6.9. Summary 215 simulations and by
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Page 233 and 234: 7.1. Secure Communication in Wirele
Page 235 and 236: 7.2. Future Work 221 7.1.4 Shortcut
Page 237 and 238: Bibliography [1] Specification of t
Page 239 and 240: Bibliography 225 1st European Works
Page 241 and 242: Bibliography 227 [41] Rohan Chitrad
Page 243 and 244: Bibliography 229 [64] L. Eschenauer
Page 245 and 246: Bibliography 231 [85] Yahoo! Inc. D
Page 247 and 248: Bibliography 233 [105] Kristof Van
Page 249 and 250: Bibliography 235 [126] Anne Marie M
Page 251 and 252: Bibliography 237 [150] Sylvia Ratna
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Bibliography 239 [172] Thanos Stath
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Bibliography 241 [192] Eric W. Weis
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Curriculum Vitae Harald Vogt Person
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