Protocols for Secure Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

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128 Chapter 4. Key Establishment The security of these key agreement schemes is based on the fact that no central entity within the sensor network has complete knowledge of the basic key pool. With a small set of captured nodes, an attacker has only a very small probability of acquiring knowledge about the key material of other nodes. However, with an increasing number of captured nodes, this probability rises and allows the attacker to leverage the key material from her captured nodes for breaking into the communication of other nodes, i.e. eavesdrop on links or impersonate nodes. We have discussed two basic key agreement schemes for wireless sensor networks. For the q-composite scheme, a set of keys is distributed to each node before deployment. Since all keys are drawn from a large, common pool of keys, it is likely that any pair of nodes has a certain number of keys in common. However, it is unlikely that any other pair of nodes shares the same keys. Whenever two nodes want to establish a common key, they can use their common keys to set up a link key, which is unique with a high probability. The second scheme is based on hash chains. A set of hash chains is created in advance. Each node is assigned a position on each of these chains. The oneway property of hash functions makes it easy to compute the chain values at positions in the chain that are located below a given position. Out of this, a key agreement scheme can be constructed that provides comparable resilience as the q-composite scheme, though at a higher memory complexity. Finally, we have devised a novel approach that combines both key agreement schemes and provides higher resilience than any one of them alone. Key agreement is a prerequisite for secure communication between nodes, both for ensuring the confidentiality and the authenticity of messages. As we have discussed in Section 3.4, key agreement between remote nodes in a WSN incurs a significant overhead that is often not justified given the dominant transient communication patterns. Therefore, our goal is to leverage the existence of shared keys on a local level, i.e. within a limited neighbourhood of a node, in order to enable secure communication between remote nodes without incurring the usual overhead. In the next chapter, we show how to achieve secure communication over long distances by interleaved local message authentication. The basic scheme will be extended by using few long-range security relationships per node, which provides additional protection against certain attack patterns. The presented schemes protect the integrity of messages and thus are effective countermeasures against manipulation attacks.
Chapter 5 Multipath Communication The use of multiple paths for transmitting a single message or a stream of messages has been studied for a long time. Multiple paths potentially provide increased bandwidth, improved resilience against network failures, and security against tampering and eavesdropping. However, they require additional effort in order to actually achieve these goals. In most cases, either node- or linkdisjointness is required. For example, bandwidth can only be increased if no low-bandwidth links are shared between the used paths. Ensuring such a property increases the complexity and the overhead for a multipath routing protocol. This may be the reason that in practice, multipath routing is seldomly used. In this chapter, we propose a multipath communication scheme for wireless sensor networks that provides security against node capture attacks. The scheme is designed to minimize path selection complexity, and it achieves its security goals through the spatial separation of paths. 5.1 Principles of Multipath Communication 5.1.1 Single vs. Multiple Paths Some network topologies, such as stars or trees, admit only a single path between any two nodes. In such networks, multipath communication is obviously not possible. But even a simple topology like a (bidirectional) ring provides more than one path, and in complex mesh topologies, many paths between any pair of nodes may exist. In practice, redundant links are often introduced in order to provide resilience against link failures. Finding the “optimal” path from a sender to a receiver is one of the common tasks of routing protocols. Usually a path is selected that performs best according to some cost metric, such as transmission delay or energy consumption. This single best path can then be used to transmit all messages from sender to receiver until an event occurs that breaks the path, such as a node or link fail-
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Diss. ETH Nr. 18174 Protocols for S
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ii often ad hoc and transient natur
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iv Dieses Ziel kann durch kryptogra
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Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Backg
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Contents ix 3.3.1 Basic Assumptions
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Contents xi 6.3 Performance Evaluat
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Backgrou
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1.3. Contributions 3 on the other h
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1.4. Thesis Outline 5 • Mario Str
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Chapter 2 Wireless Sensor Networks
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2.1. Applications of Wireless Senso
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2.1. Applications of Wireless Senso
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2.2. Sensor Node Characteristics 13
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2.3. Related Network Types 21 zero,
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2.3. Related Network Types 23 • P
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2.3. Related Network Types 25 PAN,
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2.4. Related Device Types 27 in con
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2.4. Related Device Types 29 ports
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2.5. Sensor Network Models 31 both
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2.5. Sensor Network Models 33 are a
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2.6. Simulation of Sensor Networks
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2.7. Security Requirements 41 terac
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2.7. Security Requirements 43 netwo
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2.7. Security Requirements 45 acces
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2.7. Security Requirements 47 2.7.6
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2.7. Security Requirements 49 of te
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2.8. Cryptography for Sensor Networ
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2.9. Existing Approaches to Wireles
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Chapter 3 A Security Model for Wire
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3.1. Attack Paths 67 field (cf. [17
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3.1. Attack Paths 69 modules [63].
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3.1. Attack Paths 71 closed environ
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3.2. Attack Objectives 73 • Timel
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3.2. Attack Objectives 75 Critical
Page 91 and 92: 3.2. Attack Objectives 77 Actors A
Page 93 and 94: 3.3. Adversary Characteristics 79 a
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Page 109 and 110: 3.7. Summary 95 Location-constraine
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 4 Key Establishment Shared
Page 113 and 114: 4.2. Random Key Pre-Distribution 99
Page 125 and 126: 4.3. Key Agreement Based on Hash Ch
Page 131 and 132: 4.4. Multiple Hash Chains for Key A
Page 133 and 134: 4.4. Multiple Hash Chains for Key A
Page 135 and 136: 4.5. Strengthening Random Key Pre-D
Page 137 and 138: 4.6. Related Work 123 pc = 0.33 Du-
Page 139 and 140: 4.6. Related Work 125 Probability o
Page 141: 4.7. Summary 127 The security of th
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Page 147 and 148: 5.2. Routing on Spanning Trees 133
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Page 169 and 170: 5.5. Related Work 155 separation. F
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6.4. Security Evaluation 179 Bandwi
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6.4. Security Evaluation 181 a sens
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6.4. Security Evaluation 183 Number
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6.4. Security Evaluation 185 We ass
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6.4. Security Evaluation 187 Paths
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6.4. Security Evaluation 189 ity of
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6.4. Security Evaluation 191 of the
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6.4. Security Evaluation 193 The se
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6.5. Extended Interleaved Authentic
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6.6. Comparing Interleaved and Mult
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6.7. Applications 209 Psi 1 0.8 0.6
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6.7. Applications 211 codes are att
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6.7. Applications 213 domain. The r
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6.9. Summary 215 simulations and by
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Chapter 7 Conclusion This work prop
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7.1. Secure Communication in Wirele
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7.2. Future Work 221 7.1.4 Shortcut
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Bibliography [1] Specification of t
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Bibliography 225 1st European Works
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Bibliography 227 [41] Rohan Chitrad
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Bibliography 229 [64] L. Eschenauer
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Bibliography 231 [85] Yahoo! Inc. D
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Bibliography 233 [105] Kristof Van
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Bibliography 235 [126] Anne Marie M
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Bibliography 237 [150] Sylvia Ratna
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Bibliography 239 [172] Thanos Stath
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Bibliography 241 [192] Eric W. Weis
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Curriculum Vitae Harald Vogt Person
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