Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin

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Teen survives 80-foot fall into well. (2007, July). USA Today. Retrieved August 7, 2007 from http://usatoday.feedroom.com/ index.jsp?fr_story=FRsupt206088&rf=rss. Texas Environmental Profiles. (2004, March). Water, Oil and Gas Wells. Retrieved March 20, 2007 from http://www.texasep. org/html/wql/wql_3grw_oil.html. Texas Land and Mineral Owners Association. (2007, February). Protecting Our Water. Austin, Texas. Retrieved June 2, 2007 from http://www.tlma.org/water.htm. Toddler rescued from abandoned well. (2004). CBC News. Retrieved July 17, 2008 from http://www.cbsnews.com/ stories/2004/11/01/national/main652646.shtml. Turcza, A. (2004, December). The Effectiveness of Alberta’s Solutions to the Orphan Well Problem. Retrieved July 17, 2008 from http:// www.business.ualberta.ca/CABREE/pdf/2004%20Fall%20UG% 20Projects/Orphan%20paper%20corrected.pdf. United States Air Force. (2006, November). LGM-30 Minuteman III. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from http://www.af.mil/factsheets/ factsheet.asp?fsID=113. URS Corporation. (2006, December). Detroit River International Crossing Study – Update of Practical Alternative Analysis. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from http://www.partnershipborderstudy.com/ pdf/061206_CANAAG_CombinedSlides.pdf. Usborne, S. (2006, July 24). Two-day rescue of ‘Prince’ trapped in well grips India. The Independent. Retrieved August 26, 2008 from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/twodayrescue-of-prince-trapped-in-well-grips-india-409069.html. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Government of Canada. (1995). The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Retrieved March 20, 2007 from http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/ atlas/intro.html. Wellowner.org. (2005, August). The Ground Water Supply and Its Use. Retrieved March 20, 2007 form http://www.wellowner. org/agroundwater/gwsupplyanduse.shtml. Wellwise. (2007). Abandoned Well Accidents. Retrieved August 7, 2007 from http://www.wellwise.ca/. Whipp, T. (2008, July). Gushin’ with pride – Oil springs rich in oil history. Windsor Star. Retrieved July 31, 2008 from http://www.canada.com/windsorstar/news/discover/story. html?id=50abf942-efea-44d9-89b2-915d9f6b3558. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2006, June). Drinking Water and Groundwater. Madison, Wisconsin. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/dwg/abandon.htm. GLOSSARY Abandoned Well – A well which (1) has its use permanently discontinued, (2) is in such disrepair that its continued use for the purpose of obtaining groundwater is impractical, (3) has been left uncompleted, (4) is a threat to groundwater resources and (5) is or may be a health or safety hazard (Michigan DEQ, 2005). Aquifer – An underground formation of permeable rock or loose material which can produce useful quantities of water when tapped by a well. Aquitard – An underground formation of low permeable material that restricts the flow of water between aquifers. Borehole – A narrow hole drilled into the ground. Used in exploration for oil, gas, water etc. or to determine the structure and makeup of the area. Also used to extract goods from the earth including water, oil and gas. Brine – Water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. Brine Well – A well used for injecting fresh water into geologic formations comprised mainly of salt. The injected freshwater dissolves the salt and is pumped back to the surface as a saturated sodium chloride brine solution used as a feedstock in petrochemical refineries and in oil and gas well drilling and workover operations. E. coli (Escherichia coli) – A gut flora bacterium discovered in 1885 which lives in the lower intestines of mammals. Geotechnical Test Hole – Generally a narrow hole drilled into the earth to obtain a sample to be used for engineering purposes. Utilized to acquire an understanding of the geological materials, foundation, structure and properties of the test area. ICBM silo – An underground vertical cylindrical container to house an intercontinental ballistic missile. These longrange missiles were designed for nuclear weapons. Methemoglobinemia – A condition where the iron in the hemoglobin molecule is defective, making it unable to carry oxygen effectively to the tissues. May be inherited or acquired. Sinkhole – A depression in surface topography due to the dissolution of underlying material. They can range in size from less then a meter to hundreds of meters. Temporarily Abandoned Well – Is not in use, but is intended by the owner to be a source of groundwater. Well casing must be securely sealed with a threaded, welded or solvent-welded cap to prevent access into the well and eliminate openings into the well. The well also must comply with isolation distance and construction requirements (Michigan DEQ, 2005). Private Wells – Any well not used to support a municipal water supply. Well – Any hole made in the ground to locate or obtain groundwater (ECO, 2006). 107
APPENDIX H Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin — De-icing Compounds CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 109 APPLICATION RATES 109 Toxicity 109 Chemical COMPONENTS 110 LEGISLATION 111 Other Sources 111 DESALINIZATION 112 RECOMMENDED ACTION 112 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 113 108
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AReportoftheGreatLakesScienceAdviso
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Citation: Great Lakes Science Advis
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Commissioners’ Preface The Great
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2 required to monitor basin groundw
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4 Systems have a 30-year lifespan d
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6 Groundwater quality is routinely
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8 Transmittal Letter Groundwater/An
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10 Acknowledgements, Activities and
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APPENDICES Appendices A through L p
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INTRODUCTION Groundwater, a major n
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16 DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL SYSTEMS M
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that are not substantially affected
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Estimates of the Level and Extent o
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APPENDIX B Threats to Groundwater Q
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24 PATHOGENS Bacteria, viruses and
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Viruses Viral pathogens continue to
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SPECIFIC EPISODES Walkerton In 2000
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30 season. The sampling sites inclu
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32 Curriero, F.C., Patz, J.A., Rose
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Infection of a suitable host specie
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APPENDIX C Threats to Groundwater Q
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Road salt has significant toxic eff
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converted to nitrite in the human s
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Atrazine Atrazine is an extensively
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Wisconsin DNR keeps track of about
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Table 1. Chemical Contaminants in G
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isks for 23 diseases in six contigu
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Figure 1. Number* of waterborne-dis
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Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Wa
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APPENDIX D Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 64 and 65: Figure 1. Source: General Descripti
Page 66 and 67: (Gorman and Halvorsen, 2006). Any s
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Washtenaw County, Michigan
Page 70 and 71: that the OWTS would last until it w
Page 72 and 73: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Aglie,
Page 74: Septic Tanks - Septic Tank Articles
Page 77 and 78: INTRODUCTION Leaking underground st
Page 79 and 80: sites that were previously closed,
Page 81 and 82: Table 1. USTs in Great Lakes States
Page 83 and 84: Estimation of Costs for Remediation
Page 85 and 86: Table 6. Operational Compliance of
Page 87 and 88: 80 Indiana Government. (2007, Febru
Page 89 and 90: 82 GLOSSARY AST - above ground stor
Page 91 and 92: INTRODUCTION 84 Hazardous wastes ar
Page 93 and 94: The town of Kincardine, Ontario, ha
Page 95 and 96: 88 • The monitoring and surveilla
Page 97 and 98: However, the U.S. EPA has been relu
Page 99 and 100: 92 Johnson, B.L. & DeRosa, C.T. (19
Page 101 and 102: PAHs - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocar
Page 103 and 104: INTRODUCTION An abandoned well is d
Page 105 and 106: Figure 6: Leaking oil well Source:
Page 107 and 108: CONTAMINANT SOURCES 100 During any
Page 109 and 110: Nearly 16 million operational water
Page 111 and 112: • Development of a targeted progr
Page 113: 106 Michigan Department of Environm
Page 117 and 118: far reaching. Road salt can inhibit
Page 119 and 120: 112 Desalinization Potential water
Page 121 and 122: Gray, J. (2004, January). Brine Spr
Page 123 and 124: INTRODUCTION 116 In 2003 there were
Page 125 and 126: 118 feed has increased to upwards o
Page 127 and 128: References and Bibliography 120 Arn
Page 129 and 130: APPENDIX J Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 131 and 132: for recreational purposes and destr
Page 133 and 134: 126 errors (human or mechanical), p
Page 135 and 136: Apparent Losses Old meters are like
Page 137 and 138: Figure 6. Examples of Windsor, Onta
Page 139 and 140: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 132 Ada
Page 141 and 142: 134 Levy, S. (2004, November 16). T
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX K The Châteauguay Transbo
Page 145 and 146: 138 the clay sediments of the St. L
Page 147 and 148: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Bureau
Page 149 and 150: INTRODUCTION 142 Groundwater law ac
Page 151 and 152: 144 • Water withdrawn be returned
Page 153 and 154: 146 found to be failing. Now, with
Page 155 and 156: Part 373: Third Stage Treatment Lag
Page 157 and 158: 150 Chapter 1501:15 Soil and Water
Page 159 and 160: 152 Title 29 - Water Resources Mana
Page 161 and 162: APPENDIX M List of Acronyms ADHD -
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Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin

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