Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin

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fewer than 300 NU will continue to be covered under municipal nutrient management bylaws. This results in difficulty for the public to know whether a livestock operation must comply with the NMA or with municipal bylaws (ECO, 2006). Research is needed to help develop more effective methods of managing impacts that CAFOs have on groundwater. Significant amounts of animal wastes from CAFOs are entering Lake Michigan; and while monitoring stations are needed to help improve environmental safety, little is being done to install them. This is because research would require putting CAFO operators at risk from lawsuits and provisions of the Clean Water Act (Egan, 2007). A water sample, taken in Manitowoc County by a local community group, containing 5,000 E. coli colonies per 100 ml (well above the state standard of 235) was tested to determine its source. Initial results indicated that nearly 100% of the fecal pollution in the sample was from cattle. The local group was prevented from locating the source of pollution since they did not have legal access to the farm land and official agencies were not taking action (Egan, 2007). As the price for synthetic oil-based fertilizers continues to rise, resulting in an increase in the use of manure for fertilizers, one can expect to find increased groundwater contamination by manure. RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are from the U.S. EPA (2004): • Reduce the volumes of manure created by changing waste management, handling practices and feed utilization efficiency. • Treat manure to kill pathogens, attenuate hormones and other organic contaminants and stabilize metals. • Increase use of anaerobic treatment and composting to control odors, nutrients, pathogens and generate renewable energy. • Reduce the use of antibiotics to stem the development of antibiotic resistant pathogens. • Increase soil conservation methods to reduce runoff and erosion from fields to which manure has been applied. Reduced tillage, terraces, grassed waterways and contour planting offer conservation benefits. • Install barriers such as riparian zones and wetlands to prevent manure-laden runoff from fields from reaching streams. • Change barn ventilation and manure management and handling practices to minimize the airborne release of stressors. • Where economic factors work against making changes to CAFO management practices, eliminate them or provide incentives for making such changes. ECO (2006) recommended that Ontario MOE and OMAFRA prescribe the NMA under the Environmental Bill of Rights for applications for investigation and to designate NMSs and NMPs for livestock operations as instruments. 119
References and Bibliography 120 Arnon, S., Dahan, O., Elhanany, S., Cohen, K., Pankratov, I., Gross, A., Ronen, Z., Shahar, B., & Shore, L. (2008). Transport of testosterone and estrogen from dairy-farm waste lagoons to groundwater. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(15), 5521-5526. Canadian Environmental Law Association. (2004). Nutrient Management FAQs. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www. cela.ca/faq/cltn_detail.shtml?x=1499. Carlson, K.B. (2009, March). Carcasses left to rot after cut to subsidy. National Post. Retrieved March 19, 2009 from http:// www.nationalpost.com/todays-paper/story.html?id=1405092. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Environmental Hazards and Health Effects - Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/ cafos/pdfs/factsheet.pdf. Chambliss, L. (2007, Sept.). With car-deer collisions on the rise, how to get rid of road kill? Cornell spearheads a $25 solution – composting. Chronicle Online. Retrieved January 5, 2009 from http:// www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Sept07/roadkill.compost.lc.html. Cornell Waste Management Institute. (n.d.). Pathogen Analysis of New York State Department of Transportation Road-Killed Deer Carcass Compost Facilities. Retrieved January 8, 2009 from http://cwmi.css. cornell.edu/tirc.htm. Egan, Dan. (2007, July 21). Muddied Waters. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Downloaded from http://www.jsonline.com/story/index. aspx?id-636101. Environmental Commissioner of Ontario (ECO). (2006). 2005/2006 Annual Report – Neglecting Our Obligations. Retrieved July 31, 2008 from http://www.eco. on.ca/eng/uploads/eng_pdfs/ar2005_en_report_01.pdf. Environmental Commissioner of Ontario (ECO). (2004). 2003/2004 Annual Report – Choosing Our Legacy. Retrieved July 31, 2008 from http://www.eco.on.ca/eng/index.php/pubs/eco-publications/2003-04-annual-report.php. Environmental Commissioner of Ontario (ECO). (2000, July). The Protection of Ontario’s Groundwater and Intensive Farming: Special Report to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Retrieved July 31, 2008 from http://www.eco.on.ca/eng/uploads/eng_pdfs/sp03.pdf. Farming and Food Production Protection Act, 1998, S.O. 1998, c. 1 (CanLII). Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.canlii. org/on/laws/sta/1998c.1/20080115/whole.html. Haack, S. & Duris, J. (2008). Chemical and Microbiological Water Quality of Subsurface Agricultural Drains during a Field Trial of Liquid Dairy Manure Effluent Application Rate and Varying Tillage Practices, Upper Tiffin Watershed, Southeastern Michigan. Open-File Report 2008-1189, USGS. Retrieved December 12, 2008 from http://pubs. usgs.gov/of/2008/1189/. Havelick, D. (2004). Road Kill. Conservation Magazine, 5(1). Retrieved January 8, 2009 from http://www.conservationmagazine.org/articles/v5n1/road-kill/. Howard, K. (2007, June). Managing and Protecting Groundwater Quality in Rapidly Growing Urban Areas. Great Lakes Biennial Meeting and Conference, Chicago, Illinois. Howard, K. (2004). The Walkerton wake-up call – Ontario hits the snooze button! University of Toronto. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from http:// www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~gwater/index_files/Walkerton96.pdf. Kolb, E. (2006, July/August). Composting roadkilled deer. Public Roads, 70(1). Retrieved January 8, 2009 from http://www.tfhrc. gov/pubrds/06jul/02.htm. Konefes, J. & McGee, M. (2001). Old Cemeteries, Arsenic and Health Safety. Available in Dangerous Places: Health, Safety, and Archaeology by Poirer, D.A. & Feder, K.L. Greenwood Publishing Group. Nutrient Management Act, S.O. 2002, c. 4 (CanLII). Retrieved July 31, 2008 from http://www.canlii.org/on/laws/ sta/2002c.4/20080716/whole.html. Maryland Survey on Animal Carcass Disposal. Retrieved January 8, 2009 from http://www.transportation.org/sites/research/docs/ Summary%20of%20Responses%20to%20Maryland%20Survey%20 on%20Animal%20Carcass%20Disposal.doc. McRobert, D. (2004, April). What Makes Nutrient Management So Controversial? London Swine Conference – Building Blocks for the Future. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.londonswineconference.ca/proceedings/2004/LSC2004_DMcRobert.pdf . Rennie, G. & Hill, S. (2007, June 12). Dead Cow Ban Puzzles Farmers. Windsor Star. Richmond, R. (2007, May). Dying to live here: In vast farm belt, spectre of superbugs. London Free Press. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.lfpress.com/perl-bin/publish.cgi?x=articles&p=18 4419&s=lfpawards. Righton, B. (2008, February 6). Going most gently into the night. Macleans Magazine. Retrieved January 8, 2009 from http://www.macleans.ca/culture/lifestyle/article. jsp?content=20080206_1511_1511. Rusk, J. (2007, September 11). Ontario under fire over bear dump. Toronto Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 8, 2009 from http:// groups.google.com.mx/group/AR-News/browse_thread/thread/ cd855a991bab6771. Spellman, F. & Whiting, N. (2007). Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), CRC Press. Stowe Jr., J.P., Schmidt, E., & Green, D. (2001, December). Toxic Burials: The Final Insult. Conservation Biology, 70(1),1817-1819. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2004, May). Risk Assessment Evaluation for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Retrieved August 5, 2008 from http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/ pubs/600r04042/600r04042.pdf. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2003a, February). National pollutant discharge elimination system permit regulation and effluent limitation guidelines and standards for concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs); Final rule. Federal Register, 68(29). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. (2003b, December). NPDES Permit Writers’ Guidance Manual and Example NPDES Permit for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Retrieved July 30, 2008 from http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/ cafo_permit_guidance_entirepub.pdf. White, N. (2007, January 26). The Green Goodbye. Toronto Star. Retrieved January 8, 2009 from http://www.thestar.com/living/ health/article/174974.
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AReportoftheGreatLakesScienceAdviso
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Citation: Great Lakes Science Advis
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Commissioners’ Preface The Great
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2 required to monitor basin groundw
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4 Systems have a 30-year lifespan d
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6 Groundwater quality is routinely
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8 Transmittal Letter Groundwater/An
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10 Acknowledgements, Activities and
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APPENDICES Appendices A through L p
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INTRODUCTION Groundwater, a major n
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16 DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL SYSTEMS M
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that are not substantially affected
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Estimates of the Level and Extent o
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APPENDIX B Threats to Groundwater Q
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24 PATHOGENS Bacteria, viruses and
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Viruses Viral pathogens continue to
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SPECIFIC EPISODES Walkerton In 2000
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30 season. The sampling sites inclu
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32 Curriero, F.C., Patz, J.A., Rose
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Infection of a suitable host specie
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APPENDIX C Threats to Groundwater Q
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Road salt has significant toxic eff
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converted to nitrite in the human s
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Atrazine Atrazine is an extensively
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Wisconsin DNR keeps track of about
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Table 1. Chemical Contaminants in G
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isks for 23 diseases in six contigu
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Figure 1. Number* of waterborne-dis
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Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Wa
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APPENDIX D Threats to Groundwater Q
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Figure 1. Source: General Descripti
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(Gorman and Halvorsen, 2006). Any s
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Table 3. Washtenaw County, Michigan
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that the OWTS would last until it w
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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Aglie,
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Septic Tanks - Septic Tank Articles
Page 77 and 78: INTRODUCTION Leaking underground st
Page 79 and 80: sites that were previously closed,
Page 81 and 82: Table 1. USTs in Great Lakes States
Page 83 and 84: Estimation of Costs for Remediation
Page 85 and 86: Table 6. Operational Compliance of
Page 87 and 88: 80 Indiana Government. (2007, Febru
Page 89 and 90: 82 GLOSSARY AST - above ground stor
Page 91 and 92: INTRODUCTION 84 Hazardous wastes ar
Page 93 and 94: The town of Kincardine, Ontario, ha
Page 95 and 96: 88 • The monitoring and surveilla
Page 97 and 98: However, the U.S. EPA has been relu
Page 99 and 100: 92 Johnson, B.L. & DeRosa, C.T. (19
Page 101 and 102: PAHs - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocar
Page 103 and 104: INTRODUCTION An abandoned well is d
Page 105 and 106: Figure 6: Leaking oil well Source:
Page 107 and 108: CONTAMINANT SOURCES 100 During any
Page 109 and 110: Nearly 16 million operational water
Page 111 and 112: • Development of a targeted progr
Page 113 and 114: 106 Michigan Department of Environm
Page 115 and 116: APPENDIX H Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 117 and 118: far reaching. Road salt can inhibit
Page 119 and 120: 112 Desalinization Potential water
Page 121 and 122: Gray, J. (2004, January). Brine Spr
Page 123 and 124: INTRODUCTION 116 In 2003 there were
Page 125: 118 feed has increased to upwards o
Page 129 and 130: APPENDIX J Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 131 and 132: for recreational purposes and destr
Page 133 and 134: 126 errors (human or mechanical), p
Page 135 and 136: Apparent Losses Old meters are like
Page 137 and 138: Figure 6. Examples of Windsor, Onta
Page 139 and 140: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 132 Ada
Page 141 and 142: 134 Levy, S. (2004, November 16). T
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX K The Châteauguay Transbo
Page 145 and 146: 138 the clay sediments of the St. L
Page 147 and 148: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Bureau
Page 149 and 150: INTRODUCTION 142 Groundwater law ac
Page 151 and 152: 144 • Water withdrawn be returned
Page 153 and 154: 146 found to be failing. Now, with
Page 155 and 156: Part 373: Third Stage Treatment Lag
Page 157 and 158: 150 Chapter 1501:15 Soil and Water
Page 159 and 160: 152 Title 29 - Water Resources Mana
Page 161 and 162: APPENDIX M List of Acronyms ADHD -
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