Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin

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United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2008b, June). State Delivery Prohibition Programs. Washington D.C. Retrieved August 13, 2008 from http://www.epa.gov/oust/dp/index.htm. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2008c, April). Underground Storage Tanks – Map of States with Approved UST Programs. Washington D.C. Retrieved July 15, 2008 from http://www.epa. gov/swerust1/states/spamap.htm. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2007a). Underground Storage Tanks – Cleaning Up Underground Storage Tank System Releases. Retrieved July 14, 2008 from http://www.epa. gov/swerust1/cat/index.htm. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2007b). Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund. Retrieved January 10, 2008 from http://www.epa.gov/oust/ltffacts.htm. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2007c, December). 2007 End-of-Year Activity Report. Washington D.C. Retrieved July 15, 2008 from http://www.epa. gov/OUST/cat/ca_07_34.pdf. 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82 GLOSSARY AST – above ground storage tank Backlog – total number of LUST sites that are in the process of being remediated as well as those that have not yet begun to be remediated. BTEX – the volatile organic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes found in gasoline DCA - 1,2-dichloroethene. Occurs in two forms known as cis and trans which have similar properties. It is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with a sharp, harsh odor. It is a synthetic chemical used in chemical mixtures as well as to manufacture solvents. De Minimus Concentration – There are two requirements, both which must be satisfied. First – the concentration of a regulated substance in a UST system, when mixed with a non-regulated substance, is less than 110 gallons of regulated substance when the storage tank is full. Second – the UST system, of any size or capacity, contains less than the reportable quantity of hazardous substance or substances in the product stored, as identified in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Table 302.4 list of hazardous substances and reportable quantities, when the storage tank is full. DIPE – diisopropyl ether. Having the chemical formula C 6 H 14 O, it is a colourless liquid that is slightly soluble in water. Commonly used as an oxygenate for gasoline. E10 – fuel blends of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline. E85 – fuel blends of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. EDB – ethylene dibromide, also known as 1,2-dibromoethene. Having the chemical formula BrCH 2 CH 2 Br, it is a colorless liquid with a mild, sweaty odor and is mainly synthetic. ETBE – Ethyl tertiary butyl ether. Having the chemical formula (CH 3 ) 3 COC 2 H 5 , it is a colourless, flammable, oxygenated hydrocarbon. It has low volatility and low water solubility. It has a high octane value and is commonly used as an oxygenate in gasoline. Ethanol – Ethanol fuel is a biofuel alternative to gasoline. It is a liquid alcohol produced from the fermentation of sugar or converted starch, which is then distilled and dehydrated to create a high-octane, water-free alcohol. It is used as an oxygenate additive for gasoline. It can be combined with gasoline in any concentration up to pure ethanol (E100) in an attempt to reduce the use of petroleum fuels and air pollution. Ethylbenzene – is an organic chemical compound having the chemical formula C 8 H 10 . It is an aromatic hydrocarbon, colorless, flammable liquid and smells like gasoline. LUST – leaking underground storage tank. Methanol – also known as methyl alcohol, methyl hydrate, carbinol or wood alcohol. Having the chemical formula CH 3 OH, it is a clear, colorless liquid with a faint odor like alcohol. Can be used as an additive to gasoline. MTBE – methyl tert-butyl ether is a fuel oxygenate that is used in gasoline to reduce the atmospheric pollution associated with automobile emissions. Naphthalene – is a crystalline, aromatic, white, solid hydrocarbon having the chemical formula C 10 H 8 . It is volatile and occurs naturally in fossil fuels. Orphaned Site – underground storage tanks that have been abandoned and no financially viable responsible party can be found. Oxygenate – compound containing oxygen that is added to gasoline in order to reduce emission. PCB – polychlorinated biphenyls having the general chemical formula C 12 H 10-x Cl x . There are no known natural sources of PCBs. PCBs are oily liquids or solids that are colorless to light yellow. PCBs have no known smell or taste. PERC – perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene or tetrachloroethene. Having the chemical formula Cl 2 C=CCl 2 , it is a nonflammable liquid at room temperature, evaporates easily and has a sharp, sweet odor. It is a synthetic liquid that is widely used for dry cleaning and removing grease from metal. TAME – tert-amyl methyl ether. Having the chemical formula C 2 H 5 C(CH 3 ) 2 OCH 3 , it is a volatile, low viscosity clear liquid at room temperature which is highly flammable and slightly soluble in water. Commonly used as an oxygenate for gasoline. TCE – Trichloroethylene is a colorless liquid commonly used as an industrial solvent. Having the chemical formula ClCH=CCl 2 , it is a nonflammable, colorless liquid with a somewhat sweet odor and a sweet, burning taste. UST – underground storage tank. Underground Storage Tank System – a tank or combination of tanks, including underground pipes connected to the tank or tanks, which is, was, or may have been used to contain an accumulation of regulated substances, and the volume of which, including the volume of the underground pipes connected to the tank or tanks, is 10% or more beneath the surface of the ground.
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AReportoftheGreatLakesScienceAdviso
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Citation: Great Lakes Science Advis
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Commissioners’ Preface The Great
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2 required to monitor basin groundw
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4 Systems have a 30-year lifespan d
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6 Groundwater quality is routinely
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8 Transmittal Letter Groundwater/An
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10 Acknowledgements, Activities and
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APPENDICES Appendices A through L p
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INTRODUCTION Groundwater, a major n
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16 DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL SYSTEMS M
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that are not substantially affected
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Estimates of the Level and Extent o
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APPENDIX B Threats to Groundwater Q
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24 PATHOGENS Bacteria, viruses and
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Viruses Viral pathogens continue to
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SPECIFIC EPISODES Walkerton In 2000
Page 37 and 38: 30 season. The sampling sites inclu
Page 39 and 40: 32 Curriero, F.C., Patz, J.A., Rose
Page 41 and 42: Infection of a suitable host specie
Page 44 and 45: APPENDIX C Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 46 and 47: Road salt has significant toxic eff
Page 48 and 49: converted to nitrite in the human s
Page 50 and 51: Atrazine Atrazine is an extensively
Page 52 and 53: Wisconsin DNR keeps track of about
Page 54 and 55: Table 1. Chemical Contaminants in G
Page 56 and 57: isks for 23 diseases in six contigu
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Number* of waterborne-dis
Page 60 and 61: Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Wa
Page 62 and 63: APPENDIX D Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 64 and 65: Figure 1. Source: General Descripti
Page 66 and 67: (Gorman and Halvorsen, 2006). Any s
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Washtenaw County, Michigan
Page 70 and 71: that the OWTS would last until it w
Page 72 and 73: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Aglie,
Page 74: Septic Tanks - Septic Tank Articles
Page 77 and 78: INTRODUCTION Leaking underground st
Page 79 and 80: sites that were previously closed,
Page 81 and 82: Table 1. USTs in Great Lakes States
Page 83 and 84: Estimation of Costs for Remediation
Page 85 and 86: Table 6. Operational Compliance of
Page 87: 80 Indiana Government. (2007, Febru
Page 91 and 92: INTRODUCTION 84 Hazardous wastes ar
Page 93 and 94: The town of Kincardine, Ontario, ha
Page 95 and 96: 88 • The monitoring and surveilla
Page 97 and 98: However, the U.S. EPA has been relu
Page 99 and 100: 92 Johnson, B.L. & DeRosa, C.T. (19
Page 101 and 102: PAHs - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocar
Page 103 and 104: INTRODUCTION An abandoned well is d
Page 105 and 106: Figure 6: Leaking oil well Source:
Page 107 and 108: CONTAMINANT SOURCES 100 During any
Page 109 and 110: Nearly 16 million operational water
Page 111 and 112: • Development of a targeted progr
Page 113 and 114: 106 Michigan Department of Environm
Page 115 and 116: APPENDIX H Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 117 and 118: far reaching. Road salt can inhibit
Page 119 and 120: 112 Desalinization Potential water
Page 121 and 122: Gray, J. (2004, January). Brine Spr
Page 123 and 124: INTRODUCTION 116 In 2003 there were
Page 125 and 126: 118 feed has increased to upwards o
Page 127 and 128: References and Bibliography 120 Arn
Page 129 and 130: APPENDIX J Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 131 and 132: for recreational purposes and destr
Page 133 and 134: 126 errors (human or mechanical), p
Page 135 and 136: Apparent Losses Old meters are like
Page 137 and 138: Figure 6. Examples of Windsor, Onta
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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 132 Ada
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134 Levy, S. (2004, November 16). T
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APPENDIX K The Châteauguay Transbo
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138 the clay sediments of the St. L
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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Bureau
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INTRODUCTION 142 Groundwater law ac
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144 • Water withdrawn be returned
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146 found to be failing. Now, with
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Part 373: Third Stage Treatment Lag
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150 Chapter 1501:15 Soil and Water
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152 Title 29 - Water Resources Mana
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APPENDIX M List of Acronyms ADHD -
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Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin

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