Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin

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Six additional recommendations made by the RiverSides Stewardship Alliance and Sierra Legal Defence Fund to the Province of Ontario and the federal government should be considered for implementation. 1. The Environmental Protection Act, Classes of Contaminants – Exemptions, R. R. O. 1990, Regulation 339 be immediately revoked. 2. The Ontario Ministry of the Environment immediately implement a phased-in mandatory road salt management regime requiring all road authorities to seek a Certificate of Approval under the Environmental Protection Act for road salt storage, application or snow disposal in Ontario. 3. Ontario’s Bill 43 require that all drinking water source protection plans address the issue of road salt, regardless of the threat assessment on current and potential drinking water sources, until such time as the permit system can be implemented. 4. The Ontario government institute an educational and regulatory program to reduce the incidence of accidents on winter roads. Specifically, mandatory reductions in speed limits during winter conditions and mandatory requirements for snow tires under the Highway Traffic Act. 5. Road salts be immediately listed on Schedule 1 under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. 6. The federal government pursue changes to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement that would require proper management of road salts use throughout the Great Lakes Basin. References and Bibliography Adam, M. & Sanders, C. (2005). Winter Road Salt: An Assessment of the Potential Impacts to Urban Lakes in Lake County and a Review of Deicing Altermatives. Lake County Health Department, Lakes Management Unit, Wisconsin. Bergquist, L. (2008, February). Road salt delivering a toxic shock. JSOnline, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved June 17, 2008 from http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=721607 Boyle, G. (2008, April). Water: Desalination an increasing viable option as supplies dwindle. Greenwire. Retrieved April 24, 2008 from http://www.eenews.net/Greenwire/print/2008/04/24/15. Bradshaw, J. (2008a). Record snow eats into salt supply. The Globe and Mail. Bradshaw, J. (2008b). Salt shortage shakes up cities. The Globe and Mail. Burtt, B. (2003, June 19). Road Salt Emerging as Another Threat. The Record. Committee on Advancing Desalination Technology. (2008). Desalination: A National Perspective. National Research Council of the National Academy. Water Science and Technology Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies. The National Academies Press. Washington D.C. Retrieved July 2, 2008 from http:// books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12184&page=R1. Corsi, R.S., Geis, W.S., Loyo-Rosales, E.J., & Rice, P.C. (2006). Aquatic toxicity of nine aircraft deicer and anti-icer formulations and relative toxicity of additive package ingredients alkylphenol ethoxylates and 4,5-methyl-1H-benzotriazoles. Environmental Science and Technolology, 40(23), 7409-7415. Cupp. T., Thomson, H., & Kuziara, M. (2004). The faces of softener bans. Water Technology Magazine, 27(7). Retrieved July 9, 2008 from http://waternet.com/article.asp?IndexID=6634621. Environment Canada. (2007a, February). Road Salts. Retrieved June 19, 2008 from www.ec.gc.ca/nopp/roadsalt/codeImpl/en/ update_feb07.cfm. Environment Canada. (2007b, January). Code of Practice for the Environmental Management of Road Salts. Retrieved June 18, 2008 from www.ec.gc.ca/nopp/roadsalt/cop/en/rs_main.htm. Environment Canada. (2001, December 1). Assessment Report – Road Salts. Canada Gazette, Part 1. Environmental Commissioner of Ontario (ECO). (2007, November). Reconcilling our priorities. Annual Report 2006 - 2007 Environmental Commissioner of Ontario. Toronto, Ontario. Ferenc, L. & Kalinowski, T. (2008, February). Road salt in ample abundance across GTA. Toronto Star. Retrieved June 18, 2008 from http://www.thestar.com/News/GTA/article/304198. Foonnesbech, Kr. J. (2000). Ice Control Technology with 20% Brines on Highways. County of Funen, Denmark. Glacial Technologies. (n.d). Retrieved July 2, 2008 from http:// www.anti-icers.com. Godwin, K.S., Hafner, S.D., & Buff, M.F. (2003). Long-term trends in sodium and chloride in the Mohawk River, New York: the effect of fifty years of road-salt application. Environmental Pollution, 124, 273-281. 113
Gray, J. (2004, January). Brine Spray to Replace Road Salt. The Globe and Mail. Hall, D. (2001). Source Water Protection Workshop. International Joint Commission Biennial Meeting. Montreal, Quebec. Hausbeck, J., Sorsa, K., & Schneider, T. (2005, September). City of Madison Road Salt Report – 2004-2005. Madison Department of Public Health. Jackson, B.R. & Jobbágy G.E. (2005, October 11). From icy roads to salty streams. PNAS, 102(41). Jude, D., Stoermer, E., Johengen, T., & Perakis, A.N. (2002). Non-Indigenous species in the Great Lakes: Ecology, Interaction, Impacts and Future Research Directions. Retrieved July 9, 2008 from http:// www.miseagrant.umich.edu/symposium/papers/AQUATI.pdf. Kahl, S. (2002, September). Agricultural By-Products for Anti-icing and Deicing Use in Michigan. SPR Research Project 54858. Michigan Department of Transportation. Kaushal, S.S., Groffman, P.M., Likens, G.E., Belt, K.T., Stack, W.P., Kelly, V.R., Band, L.E. & Fisher, G.T. (2005). Increased salinization of fresh water in the northeastern United States. Procedures of the National Academy of Science USA, 102, 13517-13520. Meyer, C. (2003). Fighting water softener bans. Water & Wastes Digest, 8(12). Retrieved July 9, 2008 from http://www.waterinfocenter.com/Fighting-Water-Softener-Bans-article4625. Ontario Good Roads Association. (2008). Annual Road Salt Report due June 30, 2008. Mississauga, Ontario. Retrieved June 18, 2007 from http://www.ogra.org/lib/db2file.asp?fileid=22022. Peters, N.E. & Turk, J.T. (1981). Water Resources Bulletin, 17, 586-598. Quebec first province to make winter tires mandatory. (2007, December). CBC News. Retrieved June 19, 2008 from http://www. cbc.ca/consumer/story/2007/12/20/quebec-snowtires.html. RiverSides Stewardship Alliance and Sierra Legal Defence Fund. (2006, February). A Low-Salt Diet for Ontario’s Roads and Rivers. Toronto, Ontario. Road salt supplies squeezed in parts of Michigan. (2008, February 13). The Associated Press. Retrieved June 18, 2008 from http://www.mlive.com/news/index. ssf/2008/02/road_salt_supplies_squeezed_in.html. Schueler T. (2005). Snow, Road Salt and the Chesapeake Bay. Center for Watershed Protection. Simunac, D. (2007, December). Use Less Road Salt Cities Told. London Free Press. Siver, P.A., Canavan, R.W., Field, C.K., Marsicano, L.J. & Lott, A.M. (1996). Historical changes in Connecticut lakes over a 55- year period. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25, 334-345. State of Michigan. (2008). 2007-2008 figures for sand and salt application on state roads. Stefan, H. & Mohseni, O. (2007, June). Study of Environmental Effects of De-icing Salt on Water Quality in Minnesota. Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota. SynTech ® Products. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2008 from http:// www.syntechproducts.com/. Zezima, K. (2008, February 11). Winter Storms Squeeze Supplies of Road Salt. The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2008 from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/11/us/11salt.html. 114
Page 1 and 2:
AReportoftheGreatLakesScienceAdviso
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Citation: Great Lakes Science Advis
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Commissioners’ Preface The Great
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2 required to monitor basin groundw
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4 Systems have a 30-year lifespan d
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6 Groundwater quality is routinely
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8 Transmittal Letter Groundwater/An
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10 Acknowledgements, Activities and
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APPENDICES Appendices A through L p
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INTRODUCTION Groundwater, a major n
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16 DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL SYSTEMS M
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that are not substantially affected
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Estimates of the Level and Extent o
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APPENDIX B Threats to Groundwater Q
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24 PATHOGENS Bacteria, viruses and
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Viruses Viral pathogens continue to
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SPECIFIC EPISODES Walkerton In 2000
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30 season. The sampling sites inclu
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32 Curriero, F.C., Patz, J.A., Rose
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Infection of a suitable host specie
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APPENDIX C Threats to Groundwater Q
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Road salt has significant toxic eff
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converted to nitrite in the human s
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Atrazine Atrazine is an extensively
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Wisconsin DNR keeps track of about
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Table 1. Chemical Contaminants in G
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isks for 23 diseases in six contigu
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Figure 1. Number* of waterborne-dis
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Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Wa
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APPENDIX D Threats to Groundwater Q
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Figure 1. Source: General Descripti
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(Gorman and Halvorsen, 2006). Any s
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Table 3. Washtenaw County, Michigan
Page 70 and 71: that the OWTS would last until it w
Page 72 and 73: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Aglie,
Page 74: Septic Tanks - Septic Tank Articles
Page 77 and 78: INTRODUCTION Leaking underground st
Page 79 and 80: sites that were previously closed,
Page 81 and 82: Table 1. USTs in Great Lakes States
Page 83 and 84: Estimation of Costs for Remediation
Page 85 and 86: Table 6. Operational Compliance of
Page 87 and 88: 80 Indiana Government. (2007, Febru
Page 89 and 90: 82 GLOSSARY AST - above ground stor
Page 91 and 92: INTRODUCTION 84 Hazardous wastes ar
Page 93 and 94: The town of Kincardine, Ontario, ha
Page 95 and 96: 88 • The monitoring and surveilla
Page 97 and 98: However, the U.S. EPA has been relu
Page 99 and 100: 92 Johnson, B.L. & DeRosa, C.T. (19
Page 101 and 102: PAHs - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocar
Page 103 and 104: INTRODUCTION An abandoned well is d
Page 105 and 106: Figure 6: Leaking oil well Source:
Page 107 and 108: CONTAMINANT SOURCES 100 During any
Page 109 and 110: Nearly 16 million operational water
Page 111 and 112: • Development of a targeted progr
Page 113 and 114: 106 Michigan Department of Environm
Page 115 and 116: APPENDIX H Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 117 and 118: far reaching. Road salt can inhibit
Page 119: 112 Desalinization Potential water
Page 123 and 124: INTRODUCTION 116 In 2003 there were
Page 125 and 126: 118 feed has increased to upwards o
Page 127 and 128: References and Bibliography 120 Arn
Page 129 and 130: APPENDIX J Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 131 and 132: for recreational purposes and destr
Page 133 and 134: 126 errors (human or mechanical), p
Page 135 and 136: Apparent Losses Old meters are like
Page 137 and 138: Figure 6. Examples of Windsor, Onta
Page 139 and 140: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 132 Ada
Page 141 and 142: 134 Levy, S. (2004, November 16). T
Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX K The Châteauguay Transbo
Page 145 and 146: 138 the clay sediments of the St. L
Page 147 and 148: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Bureau
Page 149 and 150: INTRODUCTION 142 Groundwater law ac
Page 151 and 152: 144 • Water withdrawn be returned
Page 153 and 154: 146 found to be failing. Now, with
Page 155 and 156: Part 373: Third Stage Treatment Lag
Page 157 and 158: 150 Chapter 1501:15 Soil and Water
Page 159 and 160: 152 Title 29 - Water Resources Mana
Page 161 and 162: APPENDIX M List of Acronyms ADHD -
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Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin

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