Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin

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Parties Implementation Workgroup Membership Douglas W. Alley (Secretariat) Judy Beck, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency John Braden, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Brian Gibson, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Isobel Heathcote, University of Guelph Joan Rose, Michigan State University Jay Unwin, University of Western Michigan Marcia Valiante, University of Windsor Hugh Whiteley, University of Guelph Science Advisory Board Membership William W. Bowerman, Clemson University John Braden, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (Former Member to July 2007) John Carey (Canadian Co-Chair), National Water Research Institute David Carpenter, State University of New York at Albany J. Milton Clark, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Miriam Leah Diamond, University of Toronto Michael J. Donahue, (U.S. Co-Chair), URS Corporation Pierre Filion, University of Waterloo C. Scott Findlay, University of Ottawa Glen Fox, Canadian Wildlife Service (Former Member to January 2007) Isobel Heathcote, University of Guelph (Former Member to December 2006) Alan Jones, Alan Jones and Associates (Former Member to June 2007) Mohamed Abdulhamid Karmali, Health Canada (Former Member to March 2006) Gary Klecka, The Dow Chemical Company Joseph Koonce, Case Western Reserve University David Lean, University of Ottawa (Former Member to December 2007) Hugh MacIsaac, University of Windsor Donna Mergler, Université du Québec Judith Perlinger, Michigan Technological University (Former Member to July 2007) Jeffrey Ridal, St. Lawrence River Institute of Environmental Sciences Joan Rose, Michigan State University (Former Member to December 2007) Susan Schantz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Deborah Swackhamer, University of Minnesota William D. Taylor, University of Waterloo Jay Unwin, University of Western Michigan (Former Member to December 2007) Marcia Valiante, University of Windsor Richard Whitman, United States Geological Survey Secretariat Peter Boyer, Great Lakes Regional Office Douglas W. Alley, Great Lakes Regional Office Bruce Kirschner, Great Lakes Regional Office Liaisons Joel Weiner, Canadian Section H. Kay Austin, United States Section Contributing Authors Douglas W. Alley Brian Gibson Norm Grannemann Marcia Valiante Special Thanks Erin Carroll, International Joint Commission Great Lakes Regional Office Mercedes Lavoy, University of Windsor Law School Jim Patchett, Conservation Design Forum Alfonso Rivera, Geological Survey of Canada Clayton Sereres, Lakehead University Tony Smits, University of Windsor Law School 11
APPENDICES Appendices A through L provide relevant technical and background information in support of the findings and advice presented in this report. These twelve appendices describe contaminants found in groundwater, contaminant sources and progress toward understanding groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin. They were prepared by knowledgeable experts and provided either directly to the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board or via various committees or groups of the International Joint Commission. Appendix M compiles acronyms used in all the appendices. The appendices are: A. Progress on Understanding Groundwater Issues in the Great Lakes Basin A contribution by the Council of Great Lakes Research Managers. B. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – Pathogens C. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin – Chemical Contaminants A contribution by the Health Professionals Task Force. D. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems, Septage and Sludge E. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – Leaking Underground Storage Tanks F. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – Hazardous Waste Sites G. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – Abandoned Wells H. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – De-icing Compounds I. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – Confined Animal Feeding Operations J. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – Conveyance Losses K. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – The Châteauguay Transboundary Aquifer L. Threats to Groundwater Quality in the Great Lakes Basin – Summary of Laws Affecting Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin M. List of Acronyms The Board thanks all who contributed valuable time and information. 12
Page 1 and 2: AReportoftheGreatLakesScienceAdviso
Page 3 and 4: Citation: Great Lakes Science Advis
Page 6: Commissioners’ Preface The Great
Page 9 and 10: 2 required to monitor basin groundw
Page 11 and 12: 4 Systems have a 30-year lifespan d
Page 13 and 14: 6 Groundwater quality is routinely
Page 15 and 16: 8 Transmittal Letter Groundwater/An
Page 17: 10 Acknowledgements, Activities and
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION Groundwater, a major n
Page 23 and 24: 16 DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL SYSTEMS M
Page 25 and 26: that are not substantially affected
Page 27 and 28: Estimates of the Level and Extent o
Page 29 and 30: APPENDIX B Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 31 and 32: 24 PATHOGENS Bacteria, viruses and
Page 33 and 34: Viruses Viral pathogens continue to
Page 35 and 36: SPECIFIC EPISODES Walkerton In 2000
Page 37 and 38: 30 season. The sampling sites inclu
Page 39 and 40: 32 Curriero, F.C., Patz, J.A., Rose
Page 41 and 42: Infection of a suitable host specie
Page 44 and 45: APPENDIX C Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 46 and 47: Road salt has significant toxic eff
Page 48 and 49: converted to nitrite in the human s
Page 50 and 51: Atrazine Atrazine is an extensively
Page 52 and 53: Wisconsin DNR keeps track of about
Page 54 and 55: Table 1. Chemical Contaminants in G
Page 56 and 57: isks for 23 diseases in six contigu
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1. Number* of waterborne-dis
Page 60 and 61: Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Wa
Page 62 and 63: APPENDIX D Threats to Groundwater Q
Page 64 and 65: Figure 1. Source: General Descripti
Page 66 and 67: (Gorman and Halvorsen, 2006). Any s
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Table 3. Washtenaw County, Michigan
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that the OWTS would last until it w
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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Aglie,
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Septic Tanks - Septic Tank Articles
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INTRODUCTION Leaking underground st
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sites that were previously closed,
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Table 1. USTs in Great Lakes States
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Estimation of Costs for Remediation
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Table 6. Operational Compliance of
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80 Indiana Government. (2007, Febru
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82 GLOSSARY AST - above ground stor
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INTRODUCTION 84 Hazardous wastes ar
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The town of Kincardine, Ontario, ha
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88 • The monitoring and surveilla
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However, the U.S. EPA has been relu
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92 Johnson, B.L. & DeRosa, C.T. (19
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PAHs - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocar
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INTRODUCTION An abandoned well is d
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Figure 6: Leaking oil well Source:
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CONTAMINANT SOURCES 100 During any
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Nearly 16 million operational water
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• Development of a targeted progr
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106 Michigan Department of Environm
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APPENDIX H Threats to Groundwater Q
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far reaching. Road salt can inhibit
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112 Desalinization Potential water
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Gray, J. (2004, January). Brine Spr
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INTRODUCTION 116 In 2003 there were
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118 feed has increased to upwards o
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References and Bibliography 120 Arn
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APPENDIX J Threats to Groundwater Q
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for recreational purposes and destr
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126 errors (human or mechanical), p
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Apparent Losses Old meters are like
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Figure 6. Examples of Windsor, Onta
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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 132 Ada
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134 Levy, S. (2004, November 16). T
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APPENDIX K The Châteauguay Transbo
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138 the clay sediments of the St. L
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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Bureau
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INTRODUCTION 142 Groundwater law ac
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144 • Water withdrawn be returned
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146 found to be failing. Now, with
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Part 373: Third Stage Treatment Lag
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150 Chapter 1501:15 Soil and Water
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152 Title 29 - Water Resources Mana
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APPENDIX M List of Acronyms ADHD -
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Groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin

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