RESEARCH· ·1970·

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SCOTT AND L~DVALL B149 Hibbard, C. ,V., nnd Taylor, D. W., 1960, Two late Pleistocene ftnmas from southwestern Kansas : Michigan Univ. Mus. Paleontology Contr., v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-223, 16 pls., 18 figs. Hopkins, M. I..., Bonnichsen, Robson, and l!"'ortsch, David, 1969, The strntigrnphic position nnd faunal associates of B,ison ( Gigantob·lson) lat·lf'rons in southeastern Idaho, n progress report: Tel.liwa, v. 1.2, no. 1, p. 1-8. Hunt, C. B., 1954, Pleistocene and Recent deposits in the Denver aren, Colorn
GE~OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CLAY MINERALOGY OF SELECTED SAMPLES FROM THE MIDDLE MIOCENE FORMATIONS OF SOUTHERN MARYLAND By KARL STEFANSSON and JAMES P. OWENS, Beltsville, Md. Abstract.-The relative proportions of clay minerals in about 130 samples from the core of a 338-foot hole ·drilled by the Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. in Calvert County, l\Id., in 1967 were calculated from X-ray diffraction patterns, using the ratio of peak area over peak height. Kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite constitute most of the clay fraction. The illite proportion is nearly constant throughout the core, but the proportions of montmorillonite and kaolinite vary. The results obtained substantiate the hypothesis that montmorillonite increases and kaolinite decreases seaward, away from the source area. In September 1967, the Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. drilled a hole to a depth of 338.0 feet at its atomic reactor site at Calvert Cliffs, southeast of Calvert Beach on Chesapeake Bay, Calvert County, ~id. (see BG & E No. 1 on fig. 1). Ground elevation at the drill site was 112.0 feet above sea 1evel. The hole was cored continuously from a depth of 12.6 feet, and core recovery was almost complete. In the first 109.2 feet cored (from 12.6 to 121.8 feet), there were six intervals, totaling 23.3 feet in thickness, from which no cohesive samples were obtained, but from 121.8 feet to 338 feet the core was continuous. The Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. has made the entire core available to the U.S. Geological Survey and others, for investigation. Data on the clay minm.:alogy of the core were obtained by X-ray diffraction analyses of about 130 selected samples and are summarized below. GEOLOGY In southern ~iaryland, strata ranging in age from Early Cretaceous through Holocene crop out. These strata are predominantly poorly consolidated or unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Regional strike is north to northeast, and the dip is east to southeast at a very low angle ( 1 o or less). The oldest sediments, of Cretaceous age, lie on the Precambrian ( ?) crystalline rock complex to the west; the younger sediments are exposed progressively to the east and southeast. Near the core hole the exposed sediments are middle ~iiocene to Holocene in age (fig. 1). The core hole was spudded in a relatiYely thin veneer of gravel, silt, and sand, which formerly was believed to be a marine terrace, but is now considered to be part of the "upland deposits" that Hack ( 1955) has demonstrated to be of fluviatile origin. The stratigraphic section exposed in a recent excavation near the drill hole is described as follows (modified after Loose, in Glaser, 1968, p. 51-52) : Undifferentiated Pliocene and Pleistocene and leached ~iiocene : 26 feet of sand. Undifferentiated ~iiocene: 31 feet of sand and clay. Choptank Formation: 42 feet of clay and sand. The top of the measured section is approximately the same as the ground elevation at the core hole, and the measured section would therefore be the equivalent of the first 100 feet of the core (fig. 2). In this area the expected section would be the upland deposits, underlain by the middle ~iiocene St. ~iarys, Chopt,ank, and Calvert Formations. In the measured section (Loose, in Glaser, 1968, p. 51-52), the uppennost 26 feet of sediments are described as undifferentiated Pliocene and Pleistocene and leached ~iiocene sands. This section may be equiYalent to the Brandywine Formation (upland deposits), of Pliocene(?) age (Hack, 1955). The lack of core recovery frmn the interval 17.1-24.9 feet in the core hole suggests that the presumed unconformable contact of the Miocene St. ~iarys Formation with the overlying sediments may be in this interval. If this is true, then Loose's (Loose, in Glaser, 1968, p. 52) "leached ~iiocene" should be the youngest sediments of St. ~iarys age present in the core. This, however, does not mean that the entire St. Marys Formation is present. The maximum thickness of the St. ~iarys Formation, measured in outcrop in the Cal ,·ert Cliffs, is 45 feet (Glaser, 1968). If the top of the underlying Choptank formation is correctly picked Bl50 U.S. GEOL. SURVEY PROF. PAPER 70o-B, PAGES B15D-B156
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. ., GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH·
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CONTENTS GEOLOGIC STUDIES Petrology
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 Geo
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B2 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY for bi
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B4 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY has be
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B6 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY. 32
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B8 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY TABLE
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BlO · PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY EX
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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B16 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Sprin
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B20 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Sigva
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B22 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY EXPLA
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B24 PE~ROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY schis
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B28 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY sg•
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B30 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Detri
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B32 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY place
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B34 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY 66 '
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B36 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Post-
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B40 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY did n
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B42 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Creta
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td :t 106'20' r--- 10' 106'00' 38'3
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B46 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 4.-Vi
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B48 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 6.-An
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B50 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY clined slide
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CA
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B54 GEOPHYSICS (1950), Domzalski (1
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B56 GEOPHYSICS STRATIGRAPHY AND LIT
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B58 GEOPHYSICS STRATIGRAPHY AND LIT
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B60 GEOPHYSICS value. A normal free
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B62 GEOPHYSICS Hammer, Sigmund, 193
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B64 110°45' GEOPHYSICS L I I \ "'\
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GE·OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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B68 GEOPHYSICS A' San 0 p A c I F I
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B70 GEOPHYSICS lies occur over rela
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B72 GEOPHYSICS 36° 00' A' 40___./
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B74 GEOPHYSICS igneous massif is co
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B76 GEOPHYSICS A 50 Bouguer gravity
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GE·OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 R
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B80 GEOPHYSICS FIGURE 1.-Bouguell'
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B82 GEOPHYSICS J I 37·~~------~~--
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B84 GEOPHYSICS B 600 B' 500 400 (/)
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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EXPLANATION Pikes Peak • batholit
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DISTRIBUTION OF URANIUM IN URANIUM-
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B92 GEOCHRONOLOGY Fleischer, R. L.,
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B94 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 103° 35' w 1/
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'B96 ECONOMIC ·GEOLOGY 0 500 FEET
Page 103 and 104: B98 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY TABLE !.-Summa
Page 105 and 106: BlOO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY surface seems
Page 107 and 108: GE 1 0LOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 197
Page 109 and 110: B104 EJrucJh of the four samples wa
Page 111 and 112: B106 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY R. 56 E. R. 5
Page 113 and 114: B108 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY outcrop under
Page 115 and 116: BllO Brady, of the Museum of Northe
Page 117 and 118: Bll2 PALEONTOLOGY FIGURE 1.-ProtobZ
Page 119 and 120: B114 PALEONTOLOGY c .,;# I I ' ' lO
Page 121 and 122: B116 PALEONTOLOGY ments, the larges
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Page 125 and 126: B120 L xMH 'xE soo~~B_R~I __ T_I __
Page 127 and 128: B122 PALEONTOLOGY Tetrataxis sp. Te
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Page 131 and 132: Bl26 PALEONTOLOGY TABLE 2.-Ranges o
Page 133 and 134: B128 PALEONTOLOGY l
Page 135 and 136: BI30 PALEONTOLOGY Ocmt/rrence.-P. m
Page 137 and 138: Bl32 PALEONTOLOGY proximately 5.7 m
Page 139 and 140: Bl34 PALEONTOLOGY a b c d e f g - D
Page 141 and 142: Bl36 PALEONTOLOGY --- 1963. The ori
Page 143 and 144: B138 PALEONTOLOGY core are m1ssmg,
Page 145 and 146: B140 PALEONTOLOGY death assemblage:
Page 147 and 148: Bl42 STRATIGRAPHY EXPLANATION l:.\.
Page 149 and 150: B144 STRATIGRAPHY ver. We do not in
Page 151 and 152: B146 STRATIGRAPHY age. A stratigrap
Page 153: B148 5 10 15 20 X X Plntygonus Pla.
Page 157 and 158: B152 STRATIGRAPHY at a depth of 58
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Page 161 and 162: B156 STRATIGRAPHY REFERENCES Brown,
Page 163 and 164: B158 STRATIGRAPHY In what follows,
Page 165 and 166: Bi60 STRATIGRAPHY TABLE !.-Stratigr
Page 167 and 168: B162 SEDIMENTATION with increasing
Page 169 and 170: llj ...... ~ TABLE 2.-Specific grav
Page 171 and 172: B166 TABLE 3.-Settling time for a 1
Page 173 and 174: Bl68 GEOMORPHOLOGY 74° 44° YERMON
Page 175 and 176: B170 GEOMORPHOLOGY have also been r
Page 177 and 178: B172 GEOMORPHOLOGY end of Long Isla
Page 179 and 180: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 DET
Page 181 and 182: ~ooo ______________ B176 ANALYTICAL
Page 183 and 184: B178 terranes where the search for
Page 185 and 186: B180 Reproducibility Replicate anal
Page 187 and 188: B182 ANALYTICAL METHODS in the aque
Page 189 and 190: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CHE
Page 191 and 192: B186 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3.31 percen
Page 193 and 194: Bl88 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3" 2%" Oute
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Page 197 and 198: B192 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE I T I 14
Page 199 and 200: B194 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE Therefor
Page 201 and 202: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 PRE
Page 203 and 204: B198 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE the basi
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B200 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE t \ \)
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B202 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE Water is
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B204 GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION rv
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B206 GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION TAB
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B208. GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION fa
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 MEA
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B212 SURFACE WATER plotted, and the
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970 T
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B216 SURFACE WATER however, if the
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B218 SURFACE WATER TABLE 4.-Variati
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B220 RELATION· BETWEEN GROUND eral
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B222 -0.010 f -0.005 (i) RELATION B
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 THE
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'B226 RELATION BETWEEN GROUND WATER
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B228 RELATION, BETWEEN GROUND WATER
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B230 RELATION BETWEEN GROUND WATER
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 HYD
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B234 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION side
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B236 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION s·o
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B238 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION Cont
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B240 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 2 3
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 SPE
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B244 GEOCHEMISTRY OF WATER REFERENC
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B246 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES The upla
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B248 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES type in
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 ,,.
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B252 formula may also be useful in
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GEO'LOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CO
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B256 randomly fluctuating component
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B258 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES 1.0 ~ Qj
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~ B260 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES 1-3, f
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I B262 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES REFERE
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,' B264 Page Gravitational sliding,
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., / )
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