RESEARCH· ·1970·

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This solution is prepared· by :dissolving ·5!0 g· (}:f ammonium oxalate and 0.5 g of oxalic acid in 1 liter of deionized water; the pH of the solution is ;adjusted to 5 with ammonium hydroxide. Germanium in the oxalate extract is then spectrochemically determined by the technique of Silvey and Brennan ( 1962). Briefly, the technique involves the precipitation of germanium in the oxalate extract by chelating reagents, 8-quinolinol, tannic acid, and thionalide. 'I'he precipitate is converted to the oxide forJn by charring at 450°0 and is then subjected to direct-current arcing. Spectral transmittance of analytical and internal standard lines is converted to relative-intensity ratios which are plotted against standn.rds containing known quantities of germanium to form working curves from which the quantities of unknown are read. Germanium standard solutions are prepared from spectrochemically pure germanium oxide obtained from the Jarrell-Ash Div., Fisher Scientific Co. 1 The instrument and spectrochemical operating conditions are as follows: lDlectrodes (National Spectrographic Labs, Inc., cupped graphite electrodes) : Anode ----------------- No. 9040. Cathode --------------- No. 1040. Analytical gnp _____________ _ Arc current_ _______________ _ Preburn -------------------- lDxposuro time _____________ _ Spectrograph --------------- Slit width _________________ _ Photographic emulsion ______ _ Developer ------------------ lDmulsion cnUbration _______ _ Annlysis line _______________ _ Internal standard line ______ _ 4mm. 6.5 amp. None. Complete burn. 2.4-m W·adsworth, Jarrel-Ash Div., Fisher Scientific Co. 1 40 P.· SA-1, IDastman Kodak Co. 1 D-11 65°F, 3 minute, Eastman Ko'd'ak Oo. 1 Two-step iron arc. Ge (2651.2 A). Pd (3287.2A). An analyical working curve shown in figure 1 is prepared from germanium standards ranging from 0.5 p.g to 100 p.g. It is approximately linear and exhibits a slope near unity. The effectiveness of the chemicaJl separation of gernlanimn from extraneous metals was investigated by spiking, with various known amounts of germanium, synthetic water samples containing 2.5 grams of each of the following elements: iron, 1nanganese, ·lead, nickel, copper, aluminum, and cobalt. The spiked samples were subj eo ted to chemical separation and the spectrochemical procedure described above. The average quantity of germn.nium recovered was 96 percent of the amount present, as shown in table 1. To check the accuracy and precision of the method, 1 Brand names nrc cited for identification purposes only; the citation docs not constitute endorsement of a particular brand by the U.S. Geologlcal Survey. DONG !/) ~ < a: (.!) 0 a: (,) ~ ~ i ::? z < ~ a: 1.1.1 (.!) u. 0 ~ i= z < :J 0 100.0 50.0 20.0 10.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 Ge 2651.2A Pd 3287.2 A B243 0.1 100 80 60 40 . 20 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 LOG RATIO OF RELATIVE INTENSITY FIGURE 1.-Typical ana·lytical curve- for germanium prepared from gennanium standards ranging from 0.5 IJ.g to 100 IJ.g. TABLE I.-Recovery test for germanium from synthetic water samples containing 2.5 grams of Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Al, Co Determination ! __________________________ _ 2 __________________________ _ 3 __________________________ _ 4 __________________________ _ Germanium Germanium Recoverv added found (percent) (micrograms) (micrograms) 0. 50 5. 0 20 100 0.43 6. 0 18 90 86 120 90 90 Average_____________________________________ 96 eight synthetic sample solutions containing a known quantity of germanium were prepared. These synthetic samples were subjected to the chemical separation and spectrochemical procedure described above. The germanium content of each sample was determined from the analytical working curve. The results are shown in table 2. The average error for eight determinations was ± 9 percent and a relative standard deviation of 8 percent, a level of precision satisfactory for spectrochemical determination of trace quantities of germannlm. TABLE 2.-Accuracy and repeatability of determining germanium in highly mineralized water Determination number 1 __________________________ _ 2 __________________________ _ 3 __________________________ _ 4 __________________________ _ 5 __________________________ _ 6 __________________________ _ 7 __________________________ _ 8 __________________________ _ Quantity or Quantity or germanium germanium Error present round (percent) (micrograms) (micrograms) 10. 0 10.0 10.0 10. 0 10: 0 10.0 10. 0 10.0 9. 0 11. 4. 10. 5 9. 5 11.0 10. 8 8. 9 10. 9 10 14 5 5 10 8 11 9
B244 GEOCHEMISTRY OF WATER REFERENCES Heggan, G. E., and Strock, L. W., 1953, Determination of trace elements: Anal. Chemistry, v. 25, p. 859-863. Mitchell, R. L., and Scott, R. 0., 1948, Applications of chemical concentration by organic reagents to spectrographic analysis: Spectrochim. Acta, v. 3, p. 367-378. Morrison, G. H., and Freiser, Henry, 1965, Solvent extraction in analytical chemistry: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 269 p. Silvey, W. D., 1967, Occurrence of selected minor elements in the waters of California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1535-L, 24 p. Silvey, W. D., and Brennan, Robert, 1962, Concentration method for the spectrochemical determination of seventeen minor elements in natural waters: Anal. Chemistry: v. 34, p. 784-786. ,)i .,
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. ., GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH·
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CONTENTS GEOLOGIC STUDIES Petrology
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 Geo
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B2 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY for bi
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B4 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY has be
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B6 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY. 32
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B8 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY TABLE
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BlO · PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY EX
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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B16 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Sprin
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B20 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Sigva
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B22 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY EXPLA
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B24 PE~ROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY schis
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B28 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY sg•
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B30 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Detri
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B32 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY place
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B34 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY 66 '
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B36 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Post-
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B40 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY did n
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B42 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Creta
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td :t 106'20' r--- 10' 106'00' 38'3
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B46 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 4.-Vi
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B48 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 6.-An
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B50 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY clined slide
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CA
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B54 GEOPHYSICS (1950), Domzalski (1
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B56 GEOPHYSICS STRATIGRAPHY AND LIT
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B58 GEOPHYSICS STRATIGRAPHY AND LIT
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B60 GEOPHYSICS value. A normal free
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B62 GEOPHYSICS Hammer, Sigmund, 193
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B64 110°45' GEOPHYSICS L I I \ "'\
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B68 GEOPHYSICS A' San 0 p A c I F I
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B70 GEOPHYSICS lies occur over rela
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B72 GEOPHYSICS 36° 00' A' 40___./
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B74 GEOPHYSICS igneous massif is co
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B76 GEOPHYSICS A 50 Bouguer gravity
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GE·OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 R
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B80 GEOPHYSICS FIGURE 1.-Bouguell'
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B82 GEOPHYSICS J I 37·~~------~~--
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B84 GEOPHYSICS B 600 B' 500 400 (/)
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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EXPLANATION Pikes Peak • batholit
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DISTRIBUTION OF URANIUM IN URANIUM-
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B92 GEOCHRONOLOGY Fleischer, R. L.,
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B94 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 103° 35' w 1/
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'B96 ECONOMIC ·GEOLOGY 0 500 FEET
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B98 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY TABLE !.-Summa
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BlOO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY surface seems
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GE 1 0LOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 197
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B104 EJrucJh of the four samples wa
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B106 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY R. 56 E. R. 5
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B108 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY outcrop under
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BllO Brady, of the Museum of Northe
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Bll2 PALEONTOLOGY FIGURE 1.-ProtobZ
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B114 PALEONTOLOGY c .,;# I I ' ' lO
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B116 PALEONTOLOGY ments, the larges
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GErOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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B120 L xMH 'xE soo~~B_R~I __ T_I __
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B122 PALEONTOLOGY Tetrataxis sp. Te
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GE~OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 TR
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Bl26 PALEONTOLOGY TABLE 2.-Ranges o
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B128 PALEONTOLOGY l
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BI30 PALEONTOLOGY Ocmt/rrence.-P. m
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Bl32 PALEONTOLOGY proximately 5.7 m
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Bl34 PALEONTOLOGY a b c d e f g - D
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Bl36 PALEONTOLOGY --- 1963. The ori
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B138 PALEONTOLOGY core are m1ssmg,
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B140 PALEONTOLOGY death assemblage:
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Bl42 STRATIGRAPHY EXPLANATION l:.\.
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B144 STRATIGRAPHY ver. We do not in
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B146 STRATIGRAPHY age. A stratigrap
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B148 5 10 15 20 X X Plntygonus Pla.
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GE~OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CL
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B152 STRATIGRAPHY at a depth of 58
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••••• 0 .... ••••
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B156 STRATIGRAPHY REFERENCES Brown,
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B158 STRATIGRAPHY In what follows,
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Bi60 STRATIGRAPHY TABLE !.-Stratigr
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B162 SEDIMENTATION with increasing
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llj ...... ~ TABLE 2.-Specific grav
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B166 TABLE 3.-Settling time for a 1
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Bl68 GEOMORPHOLOGY 74° 44° YERMON
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B170 GEOMORPHOLOGY have also been r
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B172 GEOMORPHOLOGY end of Long Isla
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 DET
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~ooo ______________ B176 ANALYTICAL
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B178 terranes where the search for
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B180 Reproducibility Replicate anal
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B182 ANALYTICAL METHODS in the aque
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CHE
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B186 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3.31 percen
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Bl88 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3" 2%" Oute
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA~RCH 1970 TR
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Page 217 and 218: B212 SURFACE WATER plotted, and the
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Page 225 and 226: B220 RELATION· BETWEEN GROUND eral
Page 227 and 228: B222 -0.010 f -0.005 (i) RELATION B
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Page 231 and 232: 'B226 RELATION BETWEEN GROUND WATER
Page 233 and 234: B228 RELATION, BETWEEN GROUND WATER
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Page 239 and 240: B234 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION side
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Page 243 and 244: B238 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION Cont
Page 245 and 246: B240 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 2 3
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Page 251 and 252: B246 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES The upla
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Page 257 and 258: B252 formula may also be useful in
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Page 261 and 262: B256 randomly fluctuating component
Page 263 and 264: B258 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES 1.0 ~ Qj
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Page 269 and 270: ,' B264 Page Gravitational sliding,
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RESEARCH· ·1970·

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