RESEARCH· ·1970·

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KILPATRICK B291 ... ~ (' iQ 10.000 ILl ... ::i ~ ~ ILl >- 0 ... z ILl u 0: ILl Cl. ~ - 0 ... z ILl u 0: ILl Cl. 0 N ... 3: ILl z ::i! Velocity range, in feet per second ... 2.0-5.0 • 1.0-2.0 0 0.5-1.0 X 0.2-0.5 Note: Volume of dye is for peak of 1 JLg/1. Increase proportionally for greater peak concentrations Q L ~.IN SQUARE FEET-MILES FIGURE 2.-Quantity of Rhodamine WT 20-percent dye required · for slug injection to produce a peak concentration.of 1JLg/l at a distance downstream, L, at a mean velocity, l', .and with a maximum discharge, Qm, in the reach.
B252 formula may also be useful in determining quantities of Rhodamine WT dye needed for slug-injection dye-dilution type discharge measurements. It is noteworthy that the Cobb-Bailey formula developed for this purpose and in equivalent units (Dunn, 1968, p. 10) may be written as HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES (5) pools and riffles are nonexistent, mean velocities taken from current-meter 1neasurements are frequently in close agreement with dye time-of-travel measurements. Under such circumstances, a sampling schedule which will ensure sampling the leading edge of the dye cloud n'lay be based on the higher point velocities noted in past current-meter measurements. ' ' For Rhodamine WT 20-percent dye, the quantity in pounds, wd, may be determined by the equation Wd=2.62-¥d. (6) Comparison of the single curve for Rhodamine WT dye with the family of curves for Rhodamine B and BA dyes indicates that less of the WT is required where the value of QmL is=3 X 10\ or greater. v Unless relatively high velocities exist, WT dye will prove advantageous even at lower values of QmL because, in v the concentrations specified, Rhodamine WT 20-percent dye costs less. When we consider its superior handling characteristics, the more accurate and stable fluorometer calibrations which result from its use, as well as its lower costs, Rhodamine WT dye should become the unquestionable choice as a tracer until a better dye becomes. available. ESTIMATING MEAN VELOCITIES In the estimation of needed dye quantities for timeof-travel, dispersion, dilution-gaging, or other tracertype studies, arrival at an estimate of the mean velocity in the reach may be difficult. In effect, what is to be measured must be estimated. Generally, velocity estimates are high compared with the velocity eventually measured. Two factors usually result in high estimates. Current-meter measurements made at about the test discharge are usually examined, and because such measurements are 1nade at selected channel sections, they will usually indicate a higher mean velocity than is typical of the stream reach. Such data, though, probably provide ·a safety factor when scheduling sampling to ensure measurement of the leading edge of the dye cloud. The second reason for high velocity estimates is that in a visual reconnaissance of the stream, there is a tendency to give too n1uch weight to the velocities observed in riffles. By contrast, the slower pools between riffles comn1only occupy a greater proportion of a stream reach than the riffles. The above applies mostly to measurements made·. at low and medi urn discharges. At higher flows, when DISCUSSfO'N AND APPLICATION Variation in slope is the tnost noticeable difference of the curves of figures 1 and 2. The slope of the curve for Rhodamine BA dye (for a velocity range of 0.5 to 2.0 fps) is 1.06, .as compared to 0.93 for R.hoda.mine 1VT dye. The difference is due to the difference in the loss characteristics of the two types of dyes. A quantity of the more conservative Rhodmnine WT dye will travel a, greater distance with less reduction in concentration than a comparable· amount of R.hoda.n1ine BA dye. Experience has indioated tha.t with R.hodamine 1VT, longer reaches can· be traced without initially injecting excessively large quantities. As can be shown by the example in figure 3, where a water user is in the test reach, peak concentrations 1nay be kept to a lower level by using Rhodmnine 1VT, whereas the use of Rhodamine BA might require further reach subdivision, if maxi- FIGuRE 3.-Example illustrating the determination of dye quantities, compa.rison of dye quantities, and examination of probable peak concentration at an intermedirute tpoint in the test reach. r ·~.
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. ., GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH·
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CONTENTS GEOLOGIC STUDIES Petrology
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 Geo
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B2 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY for bi
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B4 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY has be
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B6 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY. 32
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B8 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY TABLE
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BlO · PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY EX
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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B16 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Sprin
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B20 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Sigva
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B22 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY EXPLA
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B24 PE~ROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY schis
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B28 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY sg•
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B30 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Detri
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B32 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY place
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B34 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY 66 '
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B36 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Post-
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B40 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY did n
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B42 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Creta
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td :t 106'20' r--- 10' 106'00' 38'3
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B46 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 4.-Vi
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B48 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 6.-An
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B50 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY clined slide
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CA
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B54 GEOPHYSICS (1950), Domzalski (1
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B56 GEOPHYSICS STRATIGRAPHY AND LIT
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B58 GEOPHYSICS STRATIGRAPHY AND LIT
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B60 GEOPHYSICS value. A normal free
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B62 GEOPHYSICS Hammer, Sigmund, 193
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B64 110°45' GEOPHYSICS L I I \ "'\
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GE·OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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B68 GEOPHYSICS A' San 0 p A c I F I
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B70 GEOPHYSICS lies occur over rela
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B72 GEOPHYSICS 36° 00' A' 40___./
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B74 GEOPHYSICS igneous massif is co
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B76 GEOPHYSICS A 50 Bouguer gravity
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GE·OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 R
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B80 GEOPHYSICS FIGURE 1.-Bouguell'
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B82 GEOPHYSICS J I 37·~~------~~--
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B84 GEOPHYSICS B 600 B' 500 400 (/)
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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EXPLANATION Pikes Peak • batholit
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DISTRIBUTION OF URANIUM IN URANIUM-
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B92 GEOCHRONOLOGY Fleischer, R. L.,
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B94 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 103° 35' w 1/
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'B96 ECONOMIC ·GEOLOGY 0 500 FEET
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B98 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY TABLE !.-Summa
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BlOO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY surface seems
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GE 1 0LOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 197
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B104 EJrucJh of the four samples wa
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B106 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY R. 56 E. R. 5
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B108 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY outcrop under
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BllO Brady, of the Museum of Northe
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Bll2 PALEONTOLOGY FIGURE 1.-ProtobZ
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B114 PALEONTOLOGY c .,;# I I ' ' lO
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B116 PALEONTOLOGY ments, the larges
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GErOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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B120 L xMH 'xE soo~~B_R~I __ T_I __
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B122 PALEONTOLOGY Tetrataxis sp. Te
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GE~OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 TR
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Bl26 PALEONTOLOGY TABLE 2.-Ranges o
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B128 PALEONTOLOGY l
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BI30 PALEONTOLOGY Ocmt/rrence.-P. m
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Bl32 PALEONTOLOGY proximately 5.7 m
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Bl34 PALEONTOLOGY a b c d e f g - D
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Bl36 PALEONTOLOGY --- 1963. The ori
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B138 PALEONTOLOGY core are m1ssmg,
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B140 PALEONTOLOGY death assemblage:
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Bl42 STRATIGRAPHY EXPLANATION l:.\.
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B144 STRATIGRAPHY ver. We do not in
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B146 STRATIGRAPHY age. A stratigrap
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B148 5 10 15 20 X X Plntygonus Pla.
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GE~OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CL
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B152 STRATIGRAPHY at a depth of 58
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••••• 0 .... ••••
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B156 STRATIGRAPHY REFERENCES Brown,
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B158 STRATIGRAPHY In what follows,
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Bi60 STRATIGRAPHY TABLE !.-Stratigr
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B162 SEDIMENTATION with increasing
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llj ...... ~ TABLE 2.-Specific grav
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B166 TABLE 3.-Settling time for a 1
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Bl68 GEOMORPHOLOGY 74° 44° YERMON
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B170 GEOMORPHOLOGY have also been r
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B172 GEOMORPHOLOGY end of Long Isla
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 DET
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~ooo ______________ B176 ANALYTICAL
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B178 terranes where the search for
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B180 Reproducibility Replicate anal
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B182 ANALYTICAL METHODS in the aque
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CHE
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B186 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3.31 percen
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Bl88 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3" 2%" Oute
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B192 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE I T I 14
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B194 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE Therefor
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 PRE
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B198 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE the basi
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Page 217 and 218: B212 SURFACE WATER plotted, and the
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Page 221 and 222: B216 SURFACE WATER however, if the
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Page 225 and 226: B220 RELATION· BETWEEN GROUND eral
Page 227 and 228: B222 -0.010 f -0.005 (i) RELATION B
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Page 231 and 232: 'B226 RELATION BETWEEN GROUND WATER
Page 233 and 234: B228 RELATION, BETWEEN GROUND WATER
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Page 239 and 240: B234 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION side
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Page 243 and 244: B238 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION Cont
Page 245 and 246: B240 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 2 3
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Page 249 and 250: B244 GEOCHEMISTRY OF WATER REFERENC
Page 251 and 252: B246 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES The upla
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Page 261 and 262: B256 randomly fluctuating component
Page 263 and 264: B258 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES 1.0 ~ Qj
Page 265 and 266: ~ B260 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES 1-3, f
Page 267 and 268: I B262 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES REFERE
Page 269 and 270: ,' B264 Page Gravitational sliding,
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RESEARCH· ·1970·

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