RESEARCH· ·1970·

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KILPATRICK B253 1num concentrations are not to exceed 10 p.g/1, the recommended lim'it set hy the U.S. Geological Survey. The exa-mple in figure 3 also illustrates that the discharge at the point in question is the all-important factor in determining the peak concentration which will exist. I-I,ad the discharge at the water-treat1nent plant been 400 ct~bic fe~t per second instead of 200 cfs, the peak concentrations at ·the plant would have been significantly less. REFERENCES 'Vilson, J. F., 1968, An empirical formula for detennining the amount of dye needed for time-of-travel measurements, in Geological Survey Research, 1968: U.S. Gel. Survey Prof. Paper 600-D, p. D54-D56. Dunn, Bernard, 1968, Nomogra,phs for detel"lllining amount of rhodamine B dye for time-of-travel ,studies, in E. B. Chase and F. N. Payne (compilers), Selected techniques in water-resources investigations, 1966--67: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Pa:per 1892, p. 9-14.
GEO'LOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 COMPARISON OF A PROPELLER FLOWMETER WITH A HOT -FILM ANEMOMETER IN MEASURING TURBULENCE IN MOVABLE-BOUNDARY OPEN-CHANNEL FLOWS By J. P. BENNETT and R. S. McOUIVEY, Fort Collins, Colo. Abstract.-The hot-film anemometer may be used in measuring turbulence in large-scale movable-boundary open-channel flows if a correction is made for the drift of the velocity-voltage relation of the sensor. The propeller flowmeter may be used for making turbulence measurements in such flows if corrections are made for the frequency response and spatial averaging of the propeller. The true power spectral density, S(w), of the turbulence velocity may be obtained from S(w) =Soo(w) IH(w) l- 2 '17(w)- 1 , where S 00 (w) is the power spectral density of the propeller meter, IH(w) I is the amplitude of the meter system function, and '17(w) is the efficiency of spatial resolution. Measurements of turbulence intensity and power spectral density were made with both hotfilm anemometer and propeller flowmeter in large-scale openchannel flows. The power spectral densities from the instruments are similar in shape except at the higher frequencies where effects of propeller spatial averaging appear. The efficiency of the propeller flowmeter as a device for measuring turbulence increases as the scale of the turbulence increases. In hydraulic-engineering research the present great need is for an instrument that can measure the characteristics of turbulence in flowing water in all situations. To obtain the statistical parameters describing turbulence, one should use a measuring system which has ( 1) a frequency response adequate to follow the velocity fluctuations instantaneously (2) a sensor smaller than the areal extent o£ the smallest velocity fluctuations containing significant energy, and (3) a readily obtainable and stable relation between the system output and the actual velocity. If the system does not satisfy these requirements in some respect, suitable corrections .mus.t be applied to the measurements. Two instruments which can be used to determine the characteristics of turbulence in water are the hot-film anemometer and the propeller flowmeter. Neither of these is, however, completely satisfactory for making turbulence measurements under the conditions encountered in natural flows. The hot-film anemometer is unstable when used in water containing suspended or dissolved impurities, and the propeller flowmeter has too low a frequency response and covers too great an area to respond completely to the turbulence-velocity fluctuations at a point. This paper is presented to show how, despite their · shortcomings, the hot-film anemometer and the propeller flowmeter can be used to measure the characteristics of turbulence in water and to compare measurements made with them in large-scale movable-boundary open-channel flow. INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS The transformation of the output of a measuring system to obtain turbulence statistics requires an application of the theories of the transient response of systems; however, before these theories can be applied, one must understand the systems to be used. The hotfilm anemometer and the propeller flowmeter measuring systems can best be understood by discussing the princi pies of operation of the sensors and the equipment necessary to convert sensor behavior into an analyzable output. The hot-film anemometer is similar to the hot-wire anemometer used in airflow measurements. The velocity sensor is ·electrically heated, and the heat is convected a·way by the flow, the rate of convection being proportional to the flow velocity. In water, a constant-temperature anemometer is generally used. In the constanttemperature anemometer, the circuitry is designed to keep the temperature of the velocity sensor constant by keeping its resistance constant. This is accomplished by varying the voltage across the sensor so that the B254 U.S. GEOL. SURVEY PROF. PAPER 70o-B, PAGES B254-B262
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CONTENTS GEOLOGIC STUDIES Petrology
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 Geo
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B2 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY for bi
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B4 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY has be
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B6 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY. 32
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B8 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY TABLE
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BlO · PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY EX
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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B16 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Sprin
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B20 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Sigva
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B22 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY EXPLA
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B24 PE~ROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY schis
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B28 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY sg•
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B30 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Detri
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B32 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY place
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B34 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY 66 '
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B36 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Post-
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B40 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY did n
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B42 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY Creta
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td :t 106'20' r--- 10' 106'00' 38'3
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B46 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 4.-Vi
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B48 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 6.-An
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B50 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY clined slide
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GE,OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CA
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B54 GEOPHYSICS (1950), Domzalski (1
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B56 GEOPHYSICS STRATIGRAPHY AND LIT
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B58 GEOPHYSICS STRATIGRAPHY AND LIT
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B60 GEOPHYSICS value. A normal free
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B62 GEOPHYSICS Hammer, Sigmund, 193
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B64 110°45' GEOPHYSICS L I I \ "'\
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B68 GEOPHYSICS A' San 0 p A c I F I
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B70 GEOPHYSICS lies occur over rela
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B72 GEOPHYSICS 36° 00' A' 40___./
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B74 GEOPHYSICS igneous massif is co
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B76 GEOPHYSICS A 50 Bouguer gravity
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B80 GEOPHYSICS FIGURE 1.-Bouguell'
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B82 GEOPHYSICS J I 37·~~------~~--
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B84 GEOPHYSICS B 600 B' 500 400 (/)
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EXPLANATION Pikes Peak • batholit
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DISTRIBUTION OF URANIUM IN URANIUM-
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B92 GEOCHRONOLOGY Fleischer, R. L.,
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B94 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 103° 35' w 1/
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'B96 ECONOMIC ·GEOLOGY 0 500 FEET
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B98 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY TABLE !.-Summa
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BlOO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY surface seems
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GE 1 0LOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 197
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B104 EJrucJh of the four samples wa
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B106 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY R. 56 E. R. 5
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B108 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY outcrop under
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BllO Brady, of the Museum of Northe
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Bll2 PALEONTOLOGY FIGURE 1.-ProtobZ
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B114 PALEONTOLOGY c .,;# I I ' ' lO
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B116 PALEONTOLOGY ments, the larges
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GErOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEA·RCH 1970
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B120 L xMH 'xE soo~~B_R~I __ T_I __
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B122 PALEONTOLOGY Tetrataxis sp. Te
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GE~OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 TR
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Bl26 PALEONTOLOGY TABLE 2.-Ranges o
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B128 PALEONTOLOGY l
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BI30 PALEONTOLOGY Ocmt/rrence.-P. m
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Bl32 PALEONTOLOGY proximately 5.7 m
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Bl34 PALEONTOLOGY a b c d e f g - D
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Bl36 PALEONTOLOGY --- 1963. The ori
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B138 PALEONTOLOGY core are m1ssmg,
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B140 PALEONTOLOGY death assemblage:
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Bl42 STRATIGRAPHY EXPLANATION l:.\.
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B144 STRATIGRAPHY ver. We do not in
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B146 STRATIGRAPHY age. A stratigrap
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B148 5 10 15 20 X X Plntygonus Pla.
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GE~OLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CL
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B152 STRATIGRAPHY at a depth of 58
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••••• 0 .... ••••
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B156 STRATIGRAPHY REFERENCES Brown,
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B158 STRATIGRAPHY In what follows,
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Bi60 STRATIGRAPHY TABLE !.-Stratigr
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B162 SEDIMENTATION with increasing
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llj ...... ~ TABLE 2.-Specific grav
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B166 TABLE 3.-Settling time for a 1
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Bl68 GEOMORPHOLOGY 74° 44° YERMON
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B170 GEOMORPHOLOGY have also been r
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B172 GEOMORPHOLOGY end of Long Isla
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 DET
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~ooo ______________ B176 ANALYTICAL
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B178 terranes where the search for
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B180 Reproducibility Replicate anal
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B182 ANALYTICAL METHODS in the aque
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 CHE
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B186 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3.31 percen
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Bl88 ANALYTICAL METHODS 3" 2%" Oute
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B192 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE I T I 14
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B194 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE Therefor
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1970 PRE
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B198 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE the basi
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B200 GROUND-WATER RECHARGE t \ \)
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Page 231 and 232: 'B226 RELATION BETWEEN GROUND WATER
Page 233 and 234: B228 RELATION, BETWEEN GROUND WATER
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Page 239 and 240: B234 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION side
Page 241 and 242: B236 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION s·o
Page 243 and 244: B238 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION Cont
Page 245 and 246: B240 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 2 3
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Page 249 and 250: B244 GEOCHEMISTRY OF WATER REFERENC
Page 251 and 252: B246 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES The upla
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Page 257: B252 formula may also be useful in
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Page 263 and 264: B258 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES 1.0 ~ Qj
Page 265 and 266: ~ B260 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES 1-3, f
Page 267 and 268: I B262 HYDROLOGIC TECHNIQUES REFERE
Page 269 and 270: ,' B264 Page Gravitational sliding,
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RESEARCH· ·1970·

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