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Indigenous Astronomical Traditions as Related by the First Ethnologists in Brazil FLAVIA PEDRO- ZA LIMA, SILVIA Fernanda DE M. FIGUEIRÔA HARTT, C. F., 1875a. Evolution in Ornament. The Popular Science Monthly. Vol. VI, January. New York: Western and Company. 266-275. HARTT, C. F., 1875b. Amazonian Tortoise Myths. Rio de Janeiro: Willian Scully Publisher, Typographia Academica. HARTT, C. F., 1879. Notes on the Manufacture of Pottery among savage races. The American Naturalist. Vol. XIII, No. 12, February, 78-93. HARTT, C. F., 1952. Os Mitos Amazônicos da Tartaruga. Recife: Arquivo Público Estadual. HAY, G. U., 1899. The Scientific Work of Professor Chas. Fred. Hartt. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. Second Series, Vol. V, Section IV, Geological and Biological Sciences, 154-163. KOCH-GRÜNBERG, T., 1979. Del Roraima al Orinoco. Coleccion Historico-Economica, 40° aniversario. Caracas: Ediciones del Banco Central de Venezuela. KOCH-GRÜNBERG, T., 1953. Mitos e Lendas dos Índios Taulipáng e Arekuná. Revista do Museu Paulista. Nova Série, Volume VII. São Paulo: Museu Paulista/USP. LIMA, F. P., MOREIRA, I. de C., AFONSO, G. B., 2006. Tupi-Guarani Indigenous Knowledge on Relations Between Heavens and Earth. In: T. W. BOSTWICK, B.BATES, eds. Viewing the sky through past and present cultures. Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy, Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers, no. 15, Phoenix: City of Phoenix Parks Recreation and Library, 125-138. MAGALHÃES, J. V. C. de., 1935. O Selvagem. Brasiliana v. 52. São Paulo: Cia. Ed. Nacional NIMUENDAJÚ, C., 1939. The Apinayé. Translated by ROB- ERT H. LOWIE. The Catholic University of America Anthropological Series, No 8. Washington, D.C. NIMUENDAJÚ, C., 1983. Os Apinayé. Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. NIMUENDAJÚ, C., 1987. As lendas da criação e destruição do mundo como fundamentos da religião dos Apapocúva- Guarani. São Paulo: HUCITEC Editora da Universidade de São Paulo. PENNY, H. G., 2002. The Civic Uses of Science: Ethnology and Civil Society in Imperial German. In: L.K. NYHART AND T. BROMAN eds. Science and Civil Society. Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 17, 228-252. Received: 1 November 2007; Revised: 2 July 2008 VIETINIŲ BRAZILIJOS GYVENTOJŲ ASTRONOMINĖS TRADICIJOS PIRMŲJŲ ETNOLOGŲ DARBUOSE Flavia Pedroza Lima, Silvia Fernanda De M. Figueirôa Santrauka Imperiniu periodu (1871–1918) daugelyje Vokietijos miestų vyko muziejų kūrimo ir aprūpinimo eksponatų kolekcijomis iš įvairių pasaulio vietovių sąjūdis. Vėlyvaisiais 1860 m. inspiruota populiarėjančios kelionių literatūros Europoje formavosi etnologijos disciplina. Berlyno etnografijos muziejaus direktoriumi nuo 1873 iki 1905 m. dirbęs Adolfas Bastianas (Adolf Bastian) įkvėptas Humboldto kosmopolitinių idėjų ir siekių surinkti visas žmonijos istorijos žinias, paskatino gausybę mokslininkų keliauti ir rinkti kultūros vertybes visame Žemės rutulyje. Dėl šios priežasties į Braziliją studijuoti vietinės kultūros atkeliavo nemažai vokiečių etnologų: Karlas fon den Šteinenas (Karl von den Steinen), Paulas Ehrenheichas (Paul Ehrenheich), Maksas Šmidtas (Max Schmidt), Teodoras Koch-Griunbergas (Theodor Koch-Grünberg), Fricas Krauzė (Fritz Krause) ir Kurtas Unkelis (Curt Unkel) (Nimuendajú). Šie autoriai įnešė reikšmingą indėlį į Brazilijos etnologiją. Jie įsitraukė į plačius lauko tyrimus, paskelbė čionykščių Brazilijos gyventojų mitų rinkinius. Prieš šį iškilų Brazilijos etnologijos periodą apie Amazonijos gyventojų Vėžlio mitą, indėnų poeziją, Tupi kalbą ir kt. rašė Čarlzas Fridrichas Hartas (Charles Frederick Hartt) (1840–1878), Kanados gamtininkas, giliai besidomintis etnologija, dirbęs Brazilijos geologijos komisijos viršininku. Šiuo darbu siekiama pristatyti vietinių Brazilijos gyventojų etnoastronomines žinias, ypatingą dėmesį atkreipiant į Tupi-Guranų ir Apinaje etninių grupių medžiagą. Etnoistoriniai duomenys yra lyginami su šiuolaikinių lauko tyrimų medžiaga. Vertė Jonas Vaiškūnas 104
A new attempt to date the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties by solar eclipses GÖRAN HENRIKSSON Abstract The identification of six significant solar eclipses during specific years of the reigns of ancient Chinese kings from the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties has made it possible to establish an absolute chronology back to the first year of King Yu, 2070 BC. Keywords: Solar eclipses, Earth’s rotation, Lunar Secular Acceleration, ancient Chinese Dynasties, ancient Chinese chronology. ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 Introduction No original documents exist from the earliest dynasty, Xia, circa 2000 BC, but much later chronicles mention important solar eclipses during the reigns of the first kings of this dynasty. The earliest historical texts that contain systematic records of solar eclipses are the Spring and Autumn Annals (770-476 BC). Before that period, during the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, the solar eclipse records are vague and sporadic. Even if a text is well preserved and correctly translated, there may be no precise information about where the eclipse took place or in which month and day. An important method for eliminating false solutions is to find a reference to the day in the ganzhi 60-day cycle, which is known to have been used uninterruptedly since at least the 13th century BC. The lengths of the reigns of Chinese rulers prior to 841 BC are still uncertain and during the 20th century several attempts were made to identify ancient eclipse records in order to date the earliest dynasties, for instance Kevin D. Pang (1987). In 1986, F. R. Stephenson and M. A. Houlden published the Atlas of historical eclipse maps, East Asia 1550 B.C.-A.D. 1900 in order to finally solve the problems concerning the dating of the Chinese solar eclipses. Unfortunately this extensive publication was not a major step forward and, when it proved that not one of the oldest solar eclipse records could be identified, Stephenson came to the conclusion that the ancient Chinese texts were more or less useless. On the other hand, one cannot expect that Stephenson’s method is sufficiently accurate for these early epochs because it consists mainly of extrapolations based on a value for the sidereal lunar secular acceleration, -26 ±2 arc seconds/century 2 , determined from an analysis of the transits of Mercury 1677-1973 (Morrison and Ward 1975). In the same solution, the excess motion of the perihelion of Mercury was found to be +41.9 ±0.5 arc seconds/century, which deviates by 1.13 arc seconds/century from the prediction by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, confirmed by other investigations. Later an official Chinese group of archaeologists, astronomers, and historians started the Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project (2000) to establish a historical reference frame. Astronomers lead by Ciyuan Liu, National Time Service Center at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, made new calculations with different values for the braking of the Earth’s rotation (Liu, Liu and Ma 2003). With this method it was possible to make several new identifications, but it was mostly impossible to find a unique solution. The author ’s method and earlier results In 1985 I started to test my computer program by making comparisons with the Chinese solar eclipse records, but I soon realised that it was not possible to both determine one’s own computation parameters and to identify the unknown dates for solar eclipses over such a wide area. The only Chinese solar eclipse record that gave a convincing solution was the so-called “double dawn” eclipse in Zheng, during the Zhou Dynasty, which could be dated to 899 BC. This result was presented in 1996 at the Oxford V Symposium in Santa Fe, Henriksson (2005). After the successful identification of the two total solar eclipse records in Babylon separated by 301/300 years with the total solar eclipses in 1859 BC and 1558 BC, it was possible to date the Old Babylonian Kingdom, the Old Assyrian Kingdom, the Old Hittite Kingdom and the 13th-20th dynasties in IV IV. ASTRO- NOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN HISTORICAL SOURCES AND LITERATURE 105
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ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA10 Astronomy an
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UDK 902/904 Ar 46 Volume 10 Editori
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Vytautas Tumėnas. The visual and t
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PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
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Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface cists, ma
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
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List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
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List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
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Second Parts can always be better!
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Conference Summary: A Historian’s
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Belie
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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SAULĖS KALENDORIUS PAGAL LATVIŲ D
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Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
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THE BIRTHDAY OF ASAKKU ARKADIUSZ SO
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On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
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The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina
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ARNOLD LEBEUF The Nuraghic Well of
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ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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Antonio César González García, V
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
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A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
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LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
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An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
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Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
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RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
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Fig. 1. Distribution of the graves
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Basatanya revisited: two periods of
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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LIONEL SIMS Integrating Archaeoastr
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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The Orientations of Central Alentej
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Searching for the Astronomy of Abor
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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THE CASE STUDY OF THE BOORONG The C
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Di
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In Memoriam Izold’s interests wer
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates 2 6 1 3 Plate II. Antonio C
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Plates 12 11 10 9 8 7 Plate IV. IV
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Plates 1 11 Plate VI. VI Antonio C
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Plates 2 3 Plate VIII. VIII Lucilla
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