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SAULĖS KALENDORIUS PAGAL LATVIŲ DAINAS A Solar Calendar from Latvian Dainas IRENA PUNDURE Irena Pundure Santrauka Senovės latviai, būdami žemdirbiai, laiką skaičiavo pagal saulės kalendorių. Latvių kalendoriniai metai dalijami į 8 smulkesnius laiko vienetus – laiks (laikas): Ziemas laiks (žiemos laikas), Sērsnu laiks (šerkšnų laikas), Pavasara laiks (pavasario laikas), Sējas laiks (sėjos laikas), Siena laiks (šienapjūtės laikas), Rudens laiks (rudens laikas), Veļu laiks (vėlių laikas), Ledus laiks (ledo laikas) (žr. 1 pav.). Kiekvieno sezono pabaigą ir kito sezono pradžią žymi svarbios metų šventės. „Latvju dainas” (LD) mini keturias pagrindines metų šventes (Gadskārtas svinības), susijusias su astronominėmis saulėgrįžomis ir lygiadieniais: Žiemos saulėgrįža – Ziemassvētki (Žiemos šventė), Pavasario lygiadienis – Lieldienas (Didžioji diena), Vasaros saulėgrįža – Jāņi (Joninės), Rudens lygiadienis – Miķeļi, Apjumības (Pjūties šventė). Latvių šventės buvo integrali laiko skaičiavimo sistemos dalis. Straipsnyje aptariamos tik kelios iš daugiau kaip 15 000 „Latvju dainas” rinkinyje pateikiamų ir kalendorinių švenčių ir atmintinų dienų temai priskiriamų dainų. Vertė Jonas Vaiškūnas 44
II. ASTRONOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION MESOPOTAMIAN INFLUENCES ON PERSIAN SKY–WATCHING AND CALENDARS. PART II. ISHTAR AND ANAHITA ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 KRZYSZTOF JAKUBIAK, ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK Abstract There are a small number of similarities between Ishtar and Anahit, the Persian and Babylonian Venus-goddesses. These similarities may result from cultural diffusion between Persia and Mesopotamia, which was mainly eastwards. We present a comparison of the attributes belonging to both Ishtar and Anahita. This is mainly based on the Mesopotamian sources, since the Persian ones are very meagre. The relationships and influences between the two goddesses are visible in the symbolism of the planet Venus and the constellation Leo, and are associated with autumnal equinox festivals. Keywords: Mesopotamia, Persia, Ishtar, Anahita, the planet Venus. This paper is the second report on our research concerning Mesopotamian influences on the Persian calendar and sky-watching. In the first paper, our attention was focused on the Sun-gods Shamash and Mithra. It was presented at the conference “Time and Astronomy in Past Cultures”, which took place in the spring of 2005 at Toruń (Jakubiak and Sołtysiak 2006). We intend to split the whole project into three parts, each devoted to one of the pairs of deities belonging to the triads attested both in Mesopotamian and Persian religions, namely Shamash and Mithra, Ishtar and Anahita, and Ahuramazda and Sin. Thus in this report we turn our attention to the second pair of deities: the goddesses of the planet Venus, Ishtar and Anahita. Inanna/ Ishtar and Anahita. Symbolism, iconography and attributes Inanna/Ishtar was the most important female deity in ancient Mesopotamia. Her name is documented first in the archaic tablets found in Uruk/Warka, which date back to ca. 3200 BCE. At that time she was already connected with the planet Venus and therefore called d INANA-UD/húd (Inanna of the evening) and d INANA-sig (Inanna of the morning). The name d I- NANA-KUR (Inanna of the Netherworld) is also attested, though less frequently (Szarzyńska 1997, p.116, 177). The three names seem to reflect the three phases of Venus visibility. During the third millennium BCE Inanna was frequently mentioned as the chief goddess in local pantheon of Uruk and as an important deity in other local traditions of southern Mesopotamia. The Semitic inhabitants of Mesopotamia – first Akkadians, then Amorites and others – identified her with Ishtar, their most worshipped female deity. An important innovation in the history of Inanna/Ishtar occurred during the reign of Sargon the Great, the founder of the Akkadian empire, who promoted the goddess as the protective deity of his kingdom. She was equally important to the Sumerians and Semites and thus was conceived to be a symbol of unity. Sargon’s daughter Enheduanna composed two hymns to Inanna, which were expressions of her veneration for the goddess (Sjöberg 1975). Inanna from Uruk remained a very important goddess figure during the third dynasty of Ur and the first dynasty of Isin (ca. 2100–1800 BCE). The kings of these dynasties legitimized their rule by taking part in the ritual performance of a sacred marriage with the goddess. Afterwards, they were recognized as protective gods of the land, and were therefore identified with Dumuzi/Amaushumgalanna, the god of plant vegetation and Inanna’s consort in the Urukite tradition (Kramer 1970). II II. ASTRO- NOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION 45
Page 1: ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA10 Astronomy an
Page 4 and 5: UDK 902/904 Ar 46 Volume 10 Editori
Page 6 and 7: Vytautas Tumėnas. The visual and t
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
Page 10 and 11: Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface cists, ma
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
Page 14 and 15: List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
Page 16 and 17: List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
Page 18 and 19: Second Parts can always be better!
Page 20 and 21: Conference Summary: A Historian’s
Page 22 and 23: THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
Page 24 and 25: THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
Page 26 and 27: CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
Page 28 and 29: CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
Page 30 and 31: Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Belie
Page 36 and 37: Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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Page 40 and 41: A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
Page 42 and 43: A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
Page 46 and 47: Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
Page 52 and 53: THE BIRTHDAY OF ASAKKU ARKADIUSZ SO
Page 54 and 55: ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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Page 58 and 59: NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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Page 62 and 63: Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Page 72 and 73: The Mythological Moon Horse as Refl
Page 78 and 79: The Visual and the Mythical- Poetic
Page 80 and 81: VYTAUTAS TUMĖNAS The Visual and th
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Page 88 and 89: JONAS VAIŠKŪNAS Some Peripheral F
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Were the 185 A.D. and 369 A.D. “G
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Indigenous Astronomical Traditions
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A new attempt to date the Xia, Shan
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GÖRAN HENRIKSSON A new attempt to
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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Anothe
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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Anothe
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The Date of Purim and Calendars in
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L’abbé Jean Lebeuf, (1687- 1760)
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Orientations at the Minoan Peak San
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GREGORY E. MUNSON, BRYAN C. BATES,
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Reading, Writing, and Recording the
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Reading, Writing, and Recording the
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David W. Pankenier, Ciyuan Y. Liu,
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The Xiangfen, Taosi site: a Chinese
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On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
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GIULIO MAGLI On the Origin of the R
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On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
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The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina
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ARNOLD LEBEUF The Nuraghic Well of
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ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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Antonio César González García, V
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
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A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
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LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
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An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
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Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
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RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
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Fig. 1. Distribution of the graves
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Basatanya revisited: two periods of
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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LIONEL SIMS Integrating Archaeoastr
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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The Orientations of Central Alentej
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Searching for the Astronomy of Abor
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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THE CASE STUDY OF THE BOORONG The C
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Di
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In Memoriam Izold’s interests wer
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates 2 6 1 3 Plate II. Antonio C
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Plates 12 11 10 9 8 7 Plate IV. IV
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Plates 1 11 Plate VI. VI Antonio C
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Plates 2 3 Plate VIII. VIII Lucilla
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