BALTICA10

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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Disasters in Prehistoric Times? The Chances and Limitations of a Verification BARBARA RAPPENGLÜCK CARDI and W. B. MASSE, eds. Myth and Geology. London: Geological Society, 67-94. Masse, W. B. and Masse, M. J., 2007. Myth and catastrophic reality: using myth to identify cosmic impacts and massive Plinian eruptions in Holocene South America. In: L. PICCARDI and W. B. MASSE, eds. Myth and Geology. London: Geological Society, 177-202. Masse, W. B., Barber, E. W., Piccardi, L. and Barber, P. T., 2007. Exploring the nature of myth and its role in science. In: L. PICCARDI and W. B. MASSE, eds. Myth and Geology. London: Geological Society, 9-28. Menges, K. H., 1983. Materialen zum Schamanismus der Ewenki-Tungusen. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Piccardi, L. and Masse, W. B., eds., 2007. Myth and Geology. Geological Society, London. Rappenglück, B. and Rappenglück, M., 2007. Does the myth of Phaethon reflect an impact? Revising the fall of Phaethon and considering a possible relation to the Chiemgau Impact. In: I. LIRITZIS, ed. Proc. of the International Conference in Archaeoastronomy SEAC 14 th 2006 (Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Special Issue 6, 3), 101-109. Sadler, J. P. and Grattan, J. P., 1999. Volcanoes as agents of past environmental change. Global and Planetary Change, 21, 181-196. Tollmann, A. and Tollmann, E., 1993. Und die Sintflut gab es doch. Vom Mythos zur historischen Wahrheit. München: Droemer Knaur. Torrence, R., 2002. What makes a disaster? A long term view of volcanic eruptions and human responses in Papua New Guinea. In: R. TORRENCE and J. GRATTAN, eds. Natural Disasters and Cultural Change. London: Routledge, 292-312. Torrence, R. and Grattan, J., 2002. The archaeology of disasters: past and future trends. In: R. TORRENCE and J. GRATTAN, eds. Natural Disasters and Cultural Change. London: Routledge, 1-18. Vitaliano, D., 1973. Legends of the Earth. Their Geologic Origin. Bloomington, London: Indiana University Press. Received: 16 October 2007; Revised: 15 April 2008 KOSMINĖS KATASTROFOS IR KULTŪRINĖS NELAIMĖS PRIEŠISTORINIAIS LAIKAIS. VERIFIKACIJOS GALIMYBĖS IR RIBOS Barbara Rappenglück Santrauka (horizontų) sunykimo faktus su dendrochronologinių ir ledynų tyrimų rezultatais, mitine tradicija ir t. t. Šie duomenys pateikiami kaip kosminių reiškinių sukeltų kultūrinių pokyčių įrodymai. Šis straipsnis kritiškai nagrinėja „kosminės katastrofos“ bei „kultūrinės nelaimės“ koncepcijas ir jas verifikuojančius metodus. Svarbiausios galimybės ir problemos verifikuojant priešistorinių kultūrų pasikeitimus, sukeltus kosminių katastrofų, yra šios: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Geologiniai duomenys. Remiantis geologiniais duomenimis ir mitine tradicija, galima patikrinti kosminių reiškinių įtaką kultūroms tam tikru laiku, bet remiantis šiais duomenimis negalima interpretuoti kultūrinio nuosmukio. Geologinės ir archeologinės medžiagos derinimas padeda spręsti problemą ir gali būti papildytas mitologiniais duomenimis. Tačiau mitologinė tradicija ir archeologinė medžiaga be geologinių duomenų negali patikimai patvirtinti kosminių katastrofų sukeltų kultūrinių nuosmukių. Esminė problema yra datavimas: geologinis datavimas, archeologinis kultūros datavimas (straipsnyje aptariamų poveikių lygmeniu) ir mitų datavimas. Daugumą mitų, pasakojančių apie meteoritų kritimą ir net jų dydį bei smūgio jėgą, dėl datavimo gairių nebuvimo sunku susieti su konkrečia kosminės prigimties katastrofa ir tam tikros kultūros nuosmukiu. Mitinių motyvų supratimas ir naudojimas yra problemiškas, nes turi daugialypių prasmių. Poveikio problema: net jei yra tinkama geologinė ir archeologinė medžiaga (ir, matyt, net mitinis klodas) jo padarinių mastas priklauso nuo daugelio veiksnių, todėl katastrofiški kultūriniai padariniai nėra savaime akivaizdūs. Vengiant išankstinio teorinio nusistatymo: priklausydama nuo daugelio veiksnių žmonių reakcija į natūralias katastrofas yra nepaprastai įvairi. Siekiant išvengti išankstinių nusistatymų, verifikuojant kultūrinių atgarsių mastą, į gamtines katastrofas būtina rimtai kritiškai reflektuoti savo paties „katastrofos“ ir „kultūrinio nuosmukio“ ar „kultūrinės kaitos“ koncepcijas. Vertė Audronė Bliujienė 272 Per pastaruosius tris dešimtmečius nepaprastai atgijo domėjimasis kosminių reiškinių, tokių kaip supernovos, didieji meteoritai bei jų smūgiai ir t. t., galėjusių lemti radikalius geologinių periodų pokyčius, įtaka priešistorės kultūrų kaitai. Tokios teorijos bando lyginti aptinkamus tam tikrų archeologinių sluoksnių
ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 IN MEMORIAM: IZOLD PUSTYLNIK (17 March 1938 – 2 May 2008) Izold Pustylnik, eminent astronomer and senior research associate at the Tartu Observatory, and member of SEAC (La Société Européenne pour l’Astronomie dans la Culture), died in the early morning of May 2, 2008. Izold Pustylnik was born on March 17, 1938 into a family of millers in Odessa, Ukraine, as an only child. During World War II he was evacuated together with his mother to Uzbekistan. He lost his father in the war. After the war they returned to Odessa where Izold graduated from secondary school with high grades and from Odessa University cum laude. His interests in astronomy developed under the guidance of V. Tsessevich who was one of the leading researchers on close binary stars. After a short period as a young scientist in Odessa and Kiev he applied in 1962 for a postgraduate position at the Institute of Physics and Astronomy in the Academy of Sciences of the then Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. Remarkably, only three months after starting his postgraduate studies, Izold delivered his first academic seminar report at the Institute in Estonian. His skills in acquiring new languages were impressive: in the Institute’s personnel records of 1992 Izold rated his command of Russian, Estonian, English and Polish as excellent; Ukrainian, German and French as languages he could read and translate; and Hungarian as a language he commanded at conversational level. Following his postgraduate studies, Izold obtained the degree of Candidate of Science from the University of Tartu in 1958. In 1994 he was awarded a DSc from Saint Petersburg State University. During the entire time he worked at the Tartu Observatory, Izold researched close binary systems – stars that, by orbiting very close to each other around a common centre of mass, help us to learn more about stars in general than can be done by studying single stars alone. He even defined a new category of stars – gas-eclipsed close binaries, which are binaries orbiting around each other in a common gas envelope. During the last decade he studied the subdwarf components of pre-cataclysmic binaries, trying to understand their structure, spectral features and evolution. Though mainly a theoretician, Izold was active – and, over a very long period in his earlier academic career, also involved – in observing binary systems. In recent years Izold took an interest in famous astronomers connected both with Estonia and Russia. Together with Vitalii Bronshten, he published a monograph on Ernst Julius Öpik, one of the best-known Estonian astronomers. Izold also wrote about Stanislavs Vasilevskii, a Latvian astronomer whose talent had remained hidden in the tumult of the 20th century, and thoroughly investigated the life and work of Erich Schoenberg, the German-Estonian astronomer who worked at the Tartu Old Observatory. 273
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ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA10 Astronomy an
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UDK 902/904 Ar 46 Volume 10 Editori
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Vytautas Tumėnas. The visual and t
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PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
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Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface cists, ma
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
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List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
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List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
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Second Parts can always be better!
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Conference Summary: A Historian’s
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Belie
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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SAULĖS KALENDORIUS PAGAL LATVIŲ D
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Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
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THE BIRTHDAY OF ASAKKU ARKADIUSZ SO
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Calendrical Deer, Time-Reckoning an
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The Mythological Moon Horse as Refl
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The Visual and the Mythical- Poetic
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VYTAUTAS TUMĖNAS The Visual and th
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Some Peripheral Forms of the Medite
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JONAS VAIŠKŪNAS Some Peripheral F
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Were the 185 A.D. and 369 A.D. “G
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Indigenous Astronomical Traditions
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A new attempt to date the Xia, Shan
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GÖRAN HENRIKSSON A new attempt to
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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Anothe
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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Anothe
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The Date of Purim and Calendars in
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L’abbé Jean Lebeuf, (1687- 1760)
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Orientations at the Minoan Peak San
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GREGORY E. MUNSON, BRYAN C. BATES,
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Reading, Writing, and Recording the
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Reading, Writing, and Recording the
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David W. Pankenier, Ciyuan Y. Liu,
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The Xiangfen, Taosi site: a Chinese
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On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
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GIULIO MAGLI On the Origin of the R
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On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
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The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina
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ARNOLD LEBEUF The Nuraghic Well of
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ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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Antonio César González García, V
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
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A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
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LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
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An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
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Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
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RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
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Fig. 1. Distribution of the graves
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Basatanya revisited: two periods of
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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