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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientations Antonio César González García, Vesselina Koleva, Dimitar Kolev, Juan Antonio Belmonte TRAKŲ DOLMENAI IR JŲ ERDVINĖ ORIENTACIJA Antonio César González García, Vesselina Koleva, Dimitar Kolev, Juan Antonio Belmonte Santrauka Megalitiniai kapai gausiai paplitę Pietryčių Bulgarijoje, Šiaurės Graikijoje ir europinėje Turkijos dalyje. Šie dolmenai pastatyti XII–VI a. pr. m. e., jų statybai naudotos pjaustytos akmeninės plokštės. Su jų pagalba buvo formuojama stogu uždengta stačiakampė erdvė. Įėjimo vietoje būta nedidelės ertmės. Kai kurie iš dolmenų turi pailgintus įėjimo koridorius ir yra užpilti žemių pilkapiais. Straipsnyje pristatomi pirmieji lauko tyrimų, skirtų erdvinės dolmenų orientacijos matavimams, rezultatai. Pirmoji ekspedicija surengta Stranjos kalnuose. Jos metu, be kitų paminklų, išmatuotas ir 31 dolmenas. Šių dolmenų erdvinė orientacija nėra atsitiktinė. Nustatyta, jog įėjimas į dolmeną buvo įrengiamas laikantis tam tikrų principų. Remiantis vienalaikiais graikų šaltiniais, jie bandomi paaiškinti keliais hipotetiniais būdais. Vertė Vykintas Vaitkevičius 174
COSMOLOGICAL MOTIFS OF PERUVIAN HUACAS JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASKI, AND STEVEN GULLBERG Abstract Characteristics of Andean huacas are summarized with examples from Urubamba, Machu Picchu, Llactapata, and Chankillo. We identify the pillars on the ridge above the town of Urubamba as a marker of June solstice sunrise to be viewed from the Palace of Huayna Capac. Both ends of the sightline connecting the pillars and the Palace appear to have been huacas. The large carved Intiwatana stone in the Urubamba canyon symbolically ties together Machu Picchu and the nearby ceremonial center of Llactapata. The astronomically complex site of Chankillo includes evidence for ceremonial observations of the solstices and shamanic ritual, set within a large-scale geometry established by June solstice sunset/December solstice sunrise. Key words: Inca, shrines, sun, moon, solstices, ancestor veneration, shamanism. ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 Introduction The Incas honored and venerated a large variety of features of the natural landscape such as mountains, caves, springs, lakes, and rocks that were endowed with meaning and sacred power. In Quechua these shrines were known as huacas (the Spanish equivalent of the Quechua wak’a). Around Cusco the huacas were organized along lines or ceques (Quechua, zeq’e). Soon after their invasion of the Inca homeland, the Spanish destroyed the most important shrines such as the Temple of Pachacamac and the Coricancha of Cusco. In 1539 the Spanish began a campaign against the indigenous religion and proceeded systematically to destroy huacas, with the consequences that attendants and worshippers of known huacas were prosecuted, sometimes tortured, and even put to death. The foundations of the shrines were dug out, the objects of worship were destroyed, anything flammable was burned, and finally a cross was often built over the site. An unintended consequence of this campaign of destruction was that the names and locations of huacas were recorded so that they could be examined in the future to make certain no religious activity continued. Some of the huacas, namely large carved rocks, could not be destroyed and remain to this day at sites such as Kenko, Chinchero, Saihuite, and Chulquipalta (Hemming 1982) The Spanish appear to have been confounded by the variety, complexity, and alien symbolism of the huacas and probably failed to comprehend their fundamental meaning. A valuable perspective for understanding Andean huacas has been provided by the great Peruvian archaeologist, Julio Tello, who recognized that ancestor veneration has been one of the major and enduring features of Andean civilizations (DeLeonardis and Lau 2004). Huacas appear to be major elements in Andean cosmology extending back to 1000 or 2000 B.C. and often were shrines to ancestors who, it was believed, could influence the living. Feeding of huacas was a major motivation for communication with ancestor-gods and for sacrifices (Benson 2001). Blood, corn beer (chicha), and water were valuable nourishments. Mummies and images of ancestors were carried in processions, placed on platforms, and fed. Shamanic communication with the supernatural world of the ancestors and movement between the three worlds (underworld, this world, heavens) were intertwined with ancestor worship (Eliade 1964). Stairways, which are signatures of shamanic ascent and descent, are abundant at sites such as Tiawanaco, Chinchero, Ollantaytambo and Machu Picchu. Huacas were often places where the ancestors could be called upon for assistance in agriculture, warfare, health, and fertility. Sun Pillars of Urubamba The astronomical function of the pillars on the northeastern horizon of the town of Urubamba had not been identified until recently, although they are easily visible to the local community and were identified by Bauer and Dearborn (1995) as “useful examples of what Inca solar pillars may have looked like.” We established in 2005 (Zawaski 2007) and in 2007 that these pillars mark June solstice sunrise when observed from the vicinity of the large white granite boulder (Fig. 1) in the courtyard of Quespiwanka, the palace of Huayna Capac (Fig. 2). The granite boulder may, in fact, be responsible for the Quechua name of the palace, Quespiwanka: quespi, “crystal” or “shimmering”; wanka, “standing rock” (Farrington 1995). Another translation of quespi as “transparent water” may relate to the Inca myth of V V. REFLECTIONS OF ASTRO- NOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN MONUMENTS, LANDSCAPES AND ARCHITECTURE 175
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ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA10 Astronomy an
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UDK 902/904 Ar 46 Volume 10 Editori
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Vytautas Tumėnas. The visual and t
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PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
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List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
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List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
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Second Parts can always be better!
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Conference Summary: A Historian’s
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Belie
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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SAULĖS KALENDORIUS PAGAL LATVIŲ D
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Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
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THE BIRTHDAY OF ASAKKU ARKADIUSZ SO
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Calendrical Deer, Time-Reckoning an
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The Mythological Moon Horse as Refl
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The Visual and the Mythical- Poetic
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VYTAUTAS TUMĖNAS The Visual and th
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Some Peripheral Forms of the Medite
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JONAS VAIŠKŪNAS Some Peripheral F
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Were the 185 A.D. and 369 A.D. “G
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Indigenous Astronomical Traditions
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A new attempt to date the Xia, Shan
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GÖRAN HENRIKSSON A new attempt to
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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Anothe
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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Anothe
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The Date of Purim and Calendars in
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L’abbé Jean Lebeuf, (1687- 1760)
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L’abbé Jean Lebeuf, (1687- 1760)
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Page 144 and 145: The Xiangfen, Taosi site: a Chinese
Page 150 and 151: On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
Page 152 and 153: GIULIO MAGLI On the Origin of the R
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Page 156 and 157: The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina
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Page 164 and 165: ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
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Page 180 and 181: Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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Page 184 and 185: MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
Page 194 and 195: A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
Page 196 and 197: LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
Page 198 and 199: An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
Page 200 and 201: Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
Page 204 and 205: RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
Page 208 and 209: Fig. 1. Distribution of the graves
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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The Orientations of Central Alentej
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Searching for the Astronomy of Abor
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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THE CASE STUDY OF THE BOORONG The C
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Di
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In Memoriam Izold’s interests wer
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates 1 11 Plate VI. VI Antonio C
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