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Were the 185 A.D. and 369 A.D. “Guest Stars” Seen in Rome? Vito Francesco Polcaro, Andrea Martocchia 98 THORSETT, S.E., 1992. Identification of the pulsar PSR1509 - 58 with the ‘guest star’ of AD 185. Nature, 356, 690. VINK, J., BOCCHINO, F., DAMIANI, F., KAASTRA, J. S., 2000. An unresolved X-ray source inside the supernova remnant RCW 86. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 362, 711- 721. VINK, J., BLEEKER, J., VAN DER HEYDEN, K., et al., 2006. The X-Ray Synchrotron Emission of RCW 86 and the Implications for Its Age. Astrophysical Journal, 648, L33-L37. XU, ZH.T., PANKENIER, D.W., JIANG, Y.T., 2000. East Asian Archaeoastronomy: Historical Records of Astronomical Observations of China, Japan and Korea. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science. YOKE, H.P., 1962. Ancient and Medieval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources. Vistas in Astronomy, 451, 127-225. Received: 1 November 2007; Revised: 24 July 2008 AR ROMOJE 185 IR 369 M. BUVO MATOMA „NAUJA ŽVAIGŽDĖ“? Vito Francesco Polcaro, Andrea Martocchia Santrauka Han dinastijos Kinijos metraštyje 185 m. paminėta „nauja žvaigždė“ (pažodžiui – „žvaigždė viešnia“), manoma, buvusi supernova, kurios liekana yra dujų ūkas (SNR) RWC 86. Jei šią hipotezę laikytume patikima, tai būtų pati seniausia identifikuota ir datuota istorinė supernova. Tikslios šio sprogimo datos žinojimas būtų labai svarbus faktas supernovų liekanų tyrimui. Tačiau Y. N. Chin, Y. L. Huang (1994) ir Shaefer (1995) yra abejoję dėl 185 m. reiškinio sąsajų su supernova ir savo ruožtu yra siūlę jį sieti su P/Swifto kometos tranzitu. Siekdami ištirti šią galimybę, mes analizavome romėniškų katakombų paleokrikščionišką tapybą ir priėjome nuomonę, kad II a. pabaigoje Romos danguje iš tikrųjų buvo stebėtas kažkoks neįprastas šviesulys. Manome, kad šis reiškinys tikriausiai bus buvęs būtent P/Swifto kometos tranzitas. Tačiau klausimas dėl 185 m. reiškinio prigimties vis dėlto kol kas lieka atviras. Romos katakombų paleokrikščioniška tapyba duoda tvirtą pagrindą teigti buvus ir kitą neįprastą dangaus reiškinį, stebėtą IV a. viduryje. Ho Peng Yoke (1962) sudarytame astronominių reiškinių, minėtų rytietiškuose šaltiniuose, sąraše, ieškodami įspūdingos kometos ar „naujos žvaigždės“ paminėjimo Dzin dinastijos istorijai skirtoje Dzin Šu knygoje aprašytu laiko periodu, randame tiktai vieną vertą dėmesio įrašą, kuriame sakoma, kad 369 m. kovo – balandžio mėnesį pasirodžiusi „nauja žvaigždė“ buvo matoma keturis mėnesius. Minimos šio šviesulio koordinatės atitinka apytikriai α = 23h 21m, δ = +58°, tai reiškia, kad šviesulys yra poliarinėje dangaus srityje, gerai matomoje Romoje. Šioje vietoje kelių laipsnių spinduliu aptinkame vienos labai jaunos supernovos SNR 111.7-02.1 (α = 23h 23m 24s, δ = +58° 48.9’) liekaną. Ši supernovos liekana yra žinoma Cas A vardu. Jos amžius buvo apskaičiuotas, remiantis dinaminiu modeliu. Laikoma, kad Cas A amžius yra keli šimtmečiai ir manoma, kad tai yra XVIII a. pabaigoje sprogusios supernovos liekana. Tačiau tuo laiku jau buvo plačiai naudojami teleskopai, bet nė vienas žymus astronomas, pavyzdžiui, Flamstidas, aktyviai dirbęs tuo metu, nėra pastebėjęs jokios „naujos žvaigždės“ (žr., pvz., Green and Stephenson, 2003). 369 m. „nauja žvaigždė“ nebuvo laikoma pagrįstu Cas A pirmtaku dėl dviejų priežasčių: 1) remiantis dinaminiu modeliu, buvo apskaičiuotas kitoks supernovos liekanos amžius; 2) 369 m. „nauja žvaigždė“ tebuvo paminėta tik viename istoriniame šaltinyje. Mūsų pateiktas nepriklausomas šio reiškinio patvirtinimas, nors kol kas ir spekuliatyvus, galėtų sustiprinti nuomonę, kad Cas A yra būtent 369 m. Dzin Šu knygoje paminėtos „naujos žvaigždės“ liekana. Vertė Jonas Vaiškūnas
Indigenous Astronomical TRADITIONS AS RELATED BY THE FIRST ETHNOLOGISTS IN BRAZIL FLAVIA PEDROZA LIMA, SILVIA Fernanda DE M. FIGUEIRÔA Abstract This work aims to present a panorama of the space-time of certain Brazilian native peoples, and especially the Tupi-Guarani and the Apinayé, as reported by some of the early ethnologists who traveled to Brazil, including Paul Ehrenheich, Theodor Koch-Grünberg and Curt “Nimuendajú” Unkel, as well the Canadian naturalist C. F. Hartt. This ethnohistoric data is compared to recent fieldwork. Key words: ethnoastronomy, Indians, Brazil, German Ethnologists, C. F. Hartt. ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 Introduction According to Penny (2002), during the German Imperial period (1871-1918), a number of German cities began the movement to build up museums and to fill them with collections from all over the world. Ethnology began to emerge as a scientific discipline in Europe in the late 1860s, inspired by the travel literature that became popular at this time. Adolf Bastian, director of Berlin’s ethnographic museum from 1873 to 1905, was inspired by the Humboldtian cosmopolitan vision and efforts to gather all knowledge of human history, and so motivated an array of scientists to travel and collect material traces of human culture across the globe. In this context, some German ethnologists travelled to Brazil to study the indigenous cultures: they included Paul Ehrenheich, Theodor Koch-Grünberg, and Curt “Nimuendajú” Unkel. These authors contributed decisively to Brazilian ethnology, as they engaged in extensive fieldwork and published the corpus mythorum of a variety of native peoples. Before this outstanding period of Brazilian ethnology, however, came the work of a Canadian naturalist with a deep interest in ethnology called Charles Frederick Hartt (1840-1878). Hartt was chief of the Brazilian Geological Commission, which existed from 1875 to 1878. Charles Frederick Hartt Hartt was born in 1840 in New Brunswick, Canada. His interest in Brazil began with the Thayer expedition (1865), under the leadership of Prof. Louis Agassiz. Hartt was appointed one of the geologists in the team of naturalists who would make scientific explorations in the Amazon. In 1868, Hartt accepted the chair of Geology at Cornell University. After several expeditions to Brazil, he founded the Brazilian Geological Commission (CGB), with the support of the Brazilian government. The Commission was established in 1875, with Hartt as its chief. His plan was to make a preliminary survey of the country in order to prepare a Geological Chart of the Empire, and “to study the archeology and ethnology of existing tribes, collecting and classifying samples that can illustrate them conveniently” (Figueirôa 1997). It is interesting to note that the inclusion of archaeology and ethnology was not usual in the USA’s geological surveys, although their institutions were taken as the model for the CGB. Rather, it was an adaptation of the institutional model to the local reality (Brazil being rich in ethnographic material), besides reflecting Hartt’s particular interest in these fields. Hartt was fluent in Portuguese, and knew the Tupi language and its dialects. At the end of the fieldwork, in 1876, the Commission started to organize the immense geological, paleontological and archaeological collections. Hartt began to write the Memoirs of the work, of which—according to Orville A. Derby, one of Hartt’s assistants—“it may almost be said without exaggeration that in the geological and archeological literature of Brazil Hartt´s contributions outweigh all the rest put together” (Hay 1899, p.163). His publications include Brazilian Rock Inscriptions (1871), The Ancient Indian Pottery of Marajó, Brazil (1871), On the Occurrence of Face Urns in Brazil (1872), Notes on the Lingoa Geral or Modern Tupi of the Amazonas (1872), Beginnings of Art, or Evolution in Ornament (1873), Notes on the Manufacture of Pottery among Savage Races (1875), and Amazonian Tortoise Myths (1875). IV IV. ASTRO- NOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN HISTORICAL SOURCES AND LITERATURE 99
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ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA10 Astronomy an
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UDK 902/904 Ar 46 Volume 10 Editori
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Vytautas Tumėnas. The visual and t
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PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
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Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface cists, ma
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
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List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
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List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
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Second Parts can always be better!
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Conference Summary: A Historian’s
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Belie
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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SAULĖS KALENDORIUS PAGAL LATVIŲ D
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Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
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Page 54 and 55: ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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Page 58 and 59: NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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Page 72 and 73: The Mythological Moon Horse as Refl
Page 78 and 79: The Visual and the Mythical- Poetic
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Page 88 and 89: JONAS VAIŠKŪNAS Some Peripheral F
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The Xiangfen, Taosi site: a Chinese
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On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
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GIULIO MAGLI On the Origin of the R
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On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
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The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina
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ARNOLD LEBEUF The Nuraghic Well of
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ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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Antonio César González García, V
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
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A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
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LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
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An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
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Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
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RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
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Fig. 1. Distribution of the graves
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Basatanya revisited: two periods of
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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LIONEL SIMS Integrating Archaeoastr
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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The Orientations of Central Alentej
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Searching for the Astronomy of Abor
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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THE CASE STUDY OF THE BOORONG The C
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Di
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In Memoriam Izold’s interests wer
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates 2 6 1 3 Plate II. Antonio C
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Plates 12 11 10 9 8 7 Plate IV. IV
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Plates 1 11 Plate VI. VI Antonio C
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Plates 2 3 Plate VIII. VIII Lucilla
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