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Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs TSIMAFEI AVILIN Grynblat, M.Ya., Gurski, A.I., ed., 2005. Legendy i padanni. Minsk. Kаrаtkеvіch, U., 1990. Hrystоs pryziamlіusia u Gаrоdniu. Zbоr tvоrаu u 8t, 6. Mіnsk. Karlowicz, J., Krynski, A., Niedzwiedzki, Wl., eds., 1902. Slownik jezyka polskiego, 3. Warszawa: dr. “Gazeta Handlowaja”. Karlowicz, J., Krynski, A., Niedzwiedzki, Wl., eds., 1906. Slownik jezyka polskiego, 6. Warszawa: dr. “Gazeta Handlowaja”. Kаtsаr, M. S., 1996. Bеlаruskі аrnаmеnt. Tkаtstvа. Vyshyukа. Mіnsk. Kаspyarоvіch, M.І., 1927. Vіtsеbskі krаyovy slоunіk. Vіtsеbsk: Zаria zаpаdа. Krаsnеvіch, А., 1926. Kryvіchаnskіia nаzоvy gviozd. Kryvіch. Mеsiachnіk lіt., kul’tury і grаmаd. zhytstsia. Studzеn-chervеn №11(1), 112, Kаunаs. Kryvіtskі, А.А., Tsyhun, G.А., Yashkіn, І.Ya., eds., 1987. Turаuskі slоunіk, 1. Mіnsk: Nаvukа i tehnіkа. Kuntsevіch, L.P., Yashkіn, І.Ya., ed., 2001. Zhyvое nаshа slоvа: Dyialеktаl. zb . Mіnsk: Bеl. Nаvukа. Lаstоuskі, V., 1924. Pаdruchny rаsіjskа-kryuskі (bеlаruskі) slоunіk. Kоunа: Druk. А. Bаkа. Mаtskеvіch, Iu.F., GrynаvеtskIеnE., E., Rаmаnоvіch, IA. M., eds. 1979. Slоunіk bеlаruskіh gаvоrаk Pаunоchnа-Zаhоdniaj Bеlаrusі і iaе pаgrаnіchchа, 1. Mіnsk: vyd. Nаvukа і tehnіkа. Mіnkо, L.І., 1993. Nаrоdnyia vеdy. Grаmаdskі byt і kulturа sеlskаgа nаsеlnіtstvа Bеlаrusі. Mіnsk: Nаvukа і tehnіkа. Moszynski, K., 1928. Polesie wschodnie. Warszawa: kasa im. Mianowskiego. Nеkrаshevіch, S.M., Bаjkоu, M.YA., 1928. Rаsіjskаbеlаruskі slоunіk. Mіnsk: Dziarzhvyd. BSSR. NM, 2003 - Nаrоdnаia mіfаlоgіia Gоmеl’shchyny: fаl’klоrnаetnаgrаfіchny zbоrnіk. Mіnsk: LMF „Ninom”. Nоsоvich, I. I., 1870. Slоvаr bеlоrusskоgо nаrеchiia. SPb. Pietkiewicz, Cz., 1938. Kultura duchowa Polesia Rzeczyckiego. Warszawa: Towarzystwo Naukowe warszawskie. PolesskiI ArKhiv – digital archive of the Institut Slavianovedenia RAN. Moscow. Rut, M. E., 1987. Russkаia nаrоdnаia аstrоnimiia. Svеrdlоvsk: UrGU. Sаhаrоv, I.P., 1990. Skаzаniia russkаgо nаrоdа: Nаrоdnyi kаlеndаr’. Mоskvа: Sоv. Rоssiia. Sаnkо, S., Vаlоdzіnа, T., Vаsіlеvіch, U., ed., 2004. Bеlаruskаia mіfаlоgіia: Entsyklаpеd. Slоunіk. Mіnsk: Bеlаrus. Sеrzhputоuskі, А.K., 1930. Prymhі і zаbаbоny bеlаrusаu-pаlеshukоu. Mіnsk. Sеrzhputоuskі, А. K., 1911. Skаzkі і rаzskаzy belоrussоv. Minsk. Srеznеvskii, I.I., 1893 (reprint 1989). Mаtеryаly dlia slоvаria drеvnе-russkоgо iazykа, 1. SPb. VAIŠKŪNAS, J., 1989. Liaudies astronominių žinių klausimynas. Vilnius: Lietuvos kraštotyros draugija. ASTRONOMIJA GUDŲ LAUDIES TIKĖJIMUOSE Tsimafei Avilin Santrauka Gausioje gudų žodinėje liaudies kūryboje (dainose, mįslėse, liaudies pasakose ir kt.) iš dangaus šviesulių dažniausiai minimi: Saulė, Mėnulis, Venera ir žvaigždės (kartais Sietynas). Dangaus šviesuliai dažnai yra personifikuojami: Mėnulis ir Saulė yra brolis ir sesuo, Venera yra Mėnulio žmona, o žvaigždės – Mėnulio vaikai. Liaudies tikėjimams apie žvaigždes dažniausiai būdingi du archajiniai motyvai – žvaigždė yra žmogaus siela ar gyva dvasia; vėlesniuose krikščioniškuose tikėjimuose žvaigždės yra: angelai, angelų buveinės arba tiesiog – žvakutės. Tikėta, kad susispietusios žvaigždės yra šeimos, žvaigždžių šviesis atitinka žmogaus socialinį statusą, mentalinį lygmenį, amžių. Straipsnyje bene pirmą kartą apžvelgiama gudų liaudiškų dangaus šviesulių vardų visuma ir su jais susiję tikėjimai. Remiamasi tautosakiniais-etnografiniais XIX–XX a. duomenimis bei medžiaga, surinkta paties autoriaus per paskutinį dešimtmetį. Vertė Jonas Vaiškūnas, Algirdas Girininkas Received: 1 November 2007; Revised: 30 May 2008 34
TRADITIONAL ASTRONOMICAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE WORLD-VIEW OF BELARUSSIANS IN 1994–2005 DZMITRY KANAPLIANIKAU Abstract I use methods of systems analysis to build a model of the traditional world-view among present-day Belarusians. Ethnographic observations and interviews served mostly as sources for my research on Belarusian traditional astronomical knowledge. I corroborate the assertion that today’s informants’ knowledge is traditional by a comparison with records from earlier periods. Traditional astronomical conceptions are common among present-day Belarusians. They influence not only people’s orientation in space and management of nature, but also social relations, including the way in which calendrical, family, medical and other rituals are conducted. Traditional astronomical conceptions form part of a hierarchically arranged traditional worldview. Since these archaic myths and rituals are on the brink of extinction, it is urgent that we record them as soon as possible and take special steps to protect them. Key words: traditional world-view, traditional knowledge, Belarusians, the sky, stars, the sun, the moon. Introduction I define ethnocosmology, or in other words a traditional world-view, as a system of well-ordered ethnic knowledge about the world. I have used systems analysis to build a model of the traditional world-view of Belarussians (Novikava and Zhybul 1998; Kanaplianikaŭ). For the most part, the research model is built upon my own ethnographic observations, interviews I have conducted since 1994, and on investigations of archival records. I have based my research largely on the opinions of informants. Traditional representations of the world arose during the historical development of ethnos so they are the most stable mental representations. The processing of information by humans has specific characteristics, according to which I distinguish linguistic and pictorial representations (pictorial representations can be dynamic). I paid particular attention to phenomena that reside explicitly within the Belarussian cultural tradition: folklore, sacred sites and objects, and ritual activities. I used various techniques (direct explanations of words by informants, indirect explorations of semantics, the discovery of classifications and mental maps) to reveal representations. I asked the informants to describe the contents and scope of the meaning of the words I presented to them and to correlate different objects with conceptions or to draw pictures of them. I asked the informants to explain how they imagine certain objects and rituals. Simultaneously I focused upon the linguistic categories the informants used for descriptions of space, objects, their own actions, and the interconnections between objects; and what myths, legends, and tokens refer to the representations, including why people refer to them as they do, how they appear, and how they are used for household, economic and ritual activities. These methods are very efficient for revealing the structure and dynamics of the traditional world-view system (the number of main levels in the system, the types of connection between the levels, and the presence of knowledge about the system in the system itself). I paid particular attention to orientation in space and time with respect to the Earth and to astronomical bodies referred to in everyday life and during rituals. Also I recorded mythological conceptions about the sun, moon and stars. I corroborate the assertion that today’s informants’ knowledge is traditional by a comparison with records from earlier periods. A problem is that these records were published under strict censorship, at first by the Orthodox church in the Russian Empire and then during atheism in the USSR, and so they do not show all the clearly recognizable pagan conceptions: contemporary ethnographic records show us undoubtedly archaic conceptions in which natural phenomena are explicitly identified as god-like (though not related to the Christian God), and in this way many common rituals can be explained. For example, I have recorded a conception that the sun is a god and that because of this the deceased are buried facing the sun. It is important to bear in mind that: literacy in Belarus stands at 99 % and that in Belarus the private ownership of land was banned, so that the traditional way of farming was completely destroyed: as a result, there ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 I ASTRONOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE FOLK CULTURE 35
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Page 8 and 9: PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
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Page 12 and 13: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
Page 14 and 15: List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
Page 16 and 17: List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
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Page 20 and 21: Conference Summary: A Historian’s
Page 22 and 23: THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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Page 26 and 27: CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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Page 40 and 41: A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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Page 46 and 47: Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
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Page 54 and 55: ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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The Visual and the Mythical- Poetic
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Some Peripheral Forms of the Medite
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JONAS VAIŠKŪNAS Some Peripheral F
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Were the 185 A.D. and 369 A.D. “G
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Indigenous Astronomical Traditions
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A new attempt to date the Xia, Shan
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GÖRAN HENRIKSSON A new attempt to
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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Anothe
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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Anothe
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The Date of Purim and Calendars in
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L’abbé Jean Lebeuf, (1687- 1760)
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Orientations at the Minoan Peak San
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GREGORY E. MUNSON, BRYAN C. BATES,
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Reading, Writing, and Recording the
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Reading, Writing, and Recording the
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David W. Pankenier, Ciyuan Y. Liu,
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The Xiangfen, Taosi site: a Chinese
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On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
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GIULIO MAGLI On the Origin of the R
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On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
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The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina
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ARNOLD LEBEUF The Nuraghic Well of
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ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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Antonio César González García, V
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
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A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
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LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
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An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
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Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
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RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
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Fig. 1. Distribution of the graves
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Basatanya revisited: two periods of
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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LIONEL SIMS Integrating Archaeoastr
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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The Orientations of Central Alentej
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Searching for the Astronomy of Abor
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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THE CASE STUDY OF THE BOORONG The C
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Di
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In Memoriam Izold’s interests wer
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates 2 6 1 3 Plate II. Antonio C
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Plates 12 11 10 9 8 7 Plate IV. IV
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Plates 1 11 Plate VI. VI Antonio C
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Plates 2 3 Plate VIII. VIII Lucilla
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