BALTICA10

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Reading, Writing, and Recording the Architecture: How Astronomical Cycles May Be Reflected in the Architectural Construction at Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA GREGORY E. MUNSON, BRYAN C. BATES, LARRY V. NORDBY SKAITANT ARCHITEKTŪRINIUS ĮRAŠUS: KAIP ASTRONOMINIAI CIKLAI GALI ATSISPINDĖTI ARCHITEKTŪRINĖSE KONSTRUKCIJOSE MESA VERDE NACIONALINIAME PARKE, KOLORADO VALSTIJOJE, JAV Gregory E. Munson, Bryan C. Bates, Larry V. Nordby Santrauka Dendrochronologinio datavimo būdu ištyrus architektūrinių konstrukcijų iš Mesa Verde nacionalinio parko amžių ir statinių orientacijų ryšį su pagrindiniais Mėnulio azimutais, buvo nustatyta koreliacija, leidusi iškelti hipotezę, kad šie statiniai ir jų konstrukcijos galėjo būti orientuojami atsižvelgiant į 18,6 m. trukmės Mėnulio ciklą apie 1150–1300 m. Detali architektūrinė ir dendrochronologinė Saulės šventovės (Sun Temple) analizės patvirtino pradinę hipotezę, kad pietinis „aukšto“ Mėnulio azimutas buvo stebimas virš Saulės šventovės iš Dažyto bokšto (Painted Tower) Uoliniuose rūmuose (Cliff Palace). Analogiški statinių konstrukcijų ir reikšmingų Mėnulio azimutų sąryšiai buvo aptikti ir kituose statiniuose. Anksčiau atlikti Čakų kanjono (apie 800–1100 m.) ir Kamino uolos (Chimney Rock) archeologinės vietovės (1000–1100 m.) archeologinių tyrimų duomenys taip pat parodė, jog senieji krašto gyventojai pueblai stebėjo architektūriškai pažymėtą 18,6 m. trukmės Mėnulio ciklą. Kita vertus, šios hipotezės pagrįstumą sustiprina ir XIX a. etnografinė medžiaga, XX a. pradžios fotonuotraukos bei dokumentuoti pokalbiai su Pueblo genties vyresniaisiais. Tolesni tyrimai turėtų atsakyti į klausimą, kokiems konkretiems tikslams buvo naudojamos šios astronomiškai reikšmingos konstrukcijos. Vertė Jonas Vaiškūnas 140
The Xiangfen, Taosi site: A Chinese Neolithic ‘Observatory’? David W. Pankenier, Ciyuan Y. Liu, Salvo De Meis Abstract ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 The Taosi late Neolithic site is located in Shanxi Province in north-central China. Three decades of excavation have unearthed storage pits, dwellings, and many artifacts, identified as the Taosi culture type (4300 to 3900 BP). Recent excavations led to the discovery of the tombs of chiefs of the Early Taosi period, and the largest walled-town in prehistoric China. A semicircular foundation built in about 4100 BP along the southern wall was also discovered. The design of the raised terrace within it would have permitted observations of sunrise at specific dates along the eastern horizon. Here we report on what has been learned about this fascinating site, and analyze its astronomical features and function. Key words: China, Neolithic, Taosi culture, solstice observation, archaeoastronomy, horizon calendar. Introduction The Xiangfen, Taosi site (N 35° 52’ 55.9” E 111° 29’ 54” in Shanxi Province is located some 5.5 km from the Fen River to the west and barely 10 km from Ta’er Mountain to the east. According to historical accounts and local tradition, this area was the heartland of the first dynastic polity in Chinese history, the Xia, which ruled the north central China plains area along the Yellow River from ca 2100 to ca 1600 BCE. Taosi lies only 20 km from Pingyang, which is identified in ancient sources as the location of the capital of “Emperor” Yao, the semi-legendary hero whose sagely governance supposedly played a crucial role in the formative period of Chinese civilization. The Taosi site contains the ruins of at least four walled cities which were successively occupied for some fourfive hundred years during the late Neolithic. Abutting the southeast wall of the large Middle Period city (ca 2100 BCE) is a smaller walled enclosure with a raised platform which has excited great interest. The arc of this foundation approximates the range in azimuth of sunrise along the eastern horizon at the latitude of Taosi. Observations from the center of the platform suggest that features on the foundation are oriented toward points on the mountain ridge to the east/southeast where the sun rose on certain dates. Below we report on the design and purpose of the site and evaluate the hypothesis that the Taosi site is a solar ‘observatory’. Archaeological and astronomical features of the Taosi site Archaeological characteristics Excavations at Taosi from the late 1970s through the 1990s uncovered dwellings of commoners and an elite cemetery at the site, resulting in the identification of the Taosi culture type (ca 4300 to 3900 BP). Subsequent excavations led to the discovery of over 1 300 elite tombs, including those of the chiefs of the Early Taosi period, pointing to the emergence of a pre-dynastic kingdom. The 14 C dating and the location are both consistent with a transition to the early dynastic period which followed. From 1999 to 2001, archaeologists excavated a huge pounded-earth enclosure from the Middle Taosi period (4100 to 4000 BP). Rectangular in shape with an inner area of 280 ha, it makes the Taosi site the largest walled town in prehistoric China. In addition to numerous building foundations, burials, storage sites, etc., the archaeological finds include a bronze bell, fine jades, painted pottery, and evidence of extreme social stratification. In addition, the discovery of a mark written with a brush and paint and reminiscent of the Shang dynasty oracle-bone script half a millennium later has led to speculation about the possible contemporaneous use of writing. V V. REFLECTIONS OF ASTRO- NOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN MONUMENTS, LANDSCAPES AND ARCHITECTURE 141
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ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA10 Astronomy an
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UDK 902/904 Ar 46 Volume 10 Editori
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Vytautas Tumėnas. The visual and t
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PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
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Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface cists, ma
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
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List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
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List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
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Second Parts can always be better!
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Conference Summary: A Historian’s
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Belie
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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SAULĖS KALENDORIUS PAGAL LATVIŲ D
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Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
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THE BIRTHDAY OF ASAKKU ARKADIUSZ SO
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Calendrical Deer, Time-Reckoning an
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The Mythological Moon Horse as Refl
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The Visual and the Mythical- Poetic
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VYTAUTAS TUMĖNAS The Visual and th
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Some Peripheral Forms of the Medite
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JONAS VAIŠKŪNAS Some Peripheral F
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Page 164 and 165: ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
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MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
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MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
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A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
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LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
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An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
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Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
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RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
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Fig. 1. Distribution of the graves
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Basatanya revisited: two periods of
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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LIONEL SIMS Integrating Archaeoastr
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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The Orientations of Central Alentej
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Searching for the Astronomy of Abor
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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THE CASE STUDY OF THE BOORONG The C
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Di
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In Memoriam Izold’s interests wer
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates 1 11 Plate VI. VI Antonio C
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