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The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina, Paulilatino, Oristano, Sardinia. A Verification Of The Astronomical Hypothesis: Work in Process, Preliminary Results NURAGŲ KULTŪROS SANTA KRISTINOS ŠALTINIS (PAULILATINO, ORISTANO, SARDINIJA). ASTRONOMINĖS HIPOTEZĖS VERIFIKAVIMAS: PIRMIEJI REZULTATAI Arnold Lebeuf Nauji tyrinėjimai, sudarytas tikslus planas ir keturios serijos Mėnulio šviesos matavimų, atliktų Santa Kristinos šaltinio statinio viduje, aiškiai rodo, jog ši akmeninė konstrukcija galėjo turėti instrumento tikslioms lunisticijų deklinacijoms nustatyti ir Mėnulio orbitos mazgų ekliptinei ilgumai apskaičiuoti funkciją. Vertė Vykintas Vaitkevičius ARNOLD LEBEUF 162 Santrauka Santa Kristinos šaltinis trykšta šalia nedidelio Paulilatino miestelio, Oristano provincijoje, Sardinijoje. Jo geografinės koordinatės – 40º3’41,43” šiaurės platumos, 8º43’57,08” rytų ilgumos. Tai nepaprastai preciziškai tašytų pilkai juodo bazalto akmenų statinys, archeologų datuojamas apie 1000 m. pr. m. e., taigi priklauso vėlyvojo bronzos amžiaus laikotarpiui, vadinamajai Nuragų kultūrai. 1972 m. Karlas Maksia (Carlo Maxia) ir Ledo Fada (Lello Fadda) išplėtojo Eduardo Proverbijo (Eduardo Proverbio) mintį, suformuluodami hipotezę apie astronominę šio unikalaus statinio paskirtį. Anot pirmųjų dviejų autorių, meridiano įstrižainė, einanti nuo viršutinio pietinio iki apatinio šiaurinio šulinio kampo, sudaro 11,5° kampą, o šis atitinka Mėnulio deklinaciją didžiosios šiaurinės Mėnulio lunisticijos metu. Deja, K. Maksijo ir E. Proverbijo straipsniuose buvo pateikti tik apytiksliai objekto matavimai, o planas stokojo tikslumo. Jeigu Mėnulio šviesa iš tiesų pasiekdavusi Santa Kristinos šaltinio vandens paviršių meridianinio perėjimo į svarbiausią lunisticiją metu, tai akmeninės matuoklės laipsniai buvo apšviečiami vienas po kito, laipsniškai, ir šviesa, tokiu camera obscura principu projektuojama ant sienos, sudarė tarytum kopėčių efektą. Jeigu tai būtų tiesa, tai reikštų, jog analizuojama akmenų struktūra buvo kur kas tobulesnė, nei manyta iki šiol. Taigi turėtume kalbėti ne apie simbolinę ritualinę konstrukciją, o pirmiausia apie mokslinį instrumentą, kuris teikia galimybę matuoti Mėnulio deklinaciją daug ilgesnėje jo judėjimo ciklo atkarpoje. Ir svarbiausia, tai daryti su daug didesniu tikslumu. Mano dėmesį taip pat atkreipė viena konstrukcijos detalė – visos akmenų eilės yra maždaug to paties aukščio, apie 30 cm, ir tik viena yra akivaizdžiai didesnė – apie 45 cm aukščio. Šis išskirtinumas veikiausiai turi kokią nors specialią prasmę, kurią dar reikėtų išsiaiškinti.
IMAGES ON THE STONES AT SCEBIARAKY VILLAGE IN NORTH-WEST BELARUS ANDREI PROKHOROV Abstract This paper focuses on five stones with ancient incised images containing the symbol of a pole with a semicircle or a cross at its top. This symbol had a cosmological meaning and represented a projection of the “heavenly sphere” onto a flat surface. The strict orientation of the stones and the symbols to the north indicates a ceremonial “world axis” directed to North Star. This symbol of the “world axis” was used during funerary rituals at gravestones The Scebiaraky site is an example of Baltic sacred stones (stabas) in the Baltic-Slavic contact zone. Key words: sacred stones, mythological “world axis”, “heavenly sphere”, funeral ritual, stone barrows, stone burials, Baltic- Slavic contact zone, ritual crosses. ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 Introduction In the 1990s a group of five stones was documented at the village of Scebiaraky in the Vilejka region of northwest of Belarus (Fig. 1). The stones are located in a forest, one behind the other, forming a line. The first contains a slightly inclined image of a pole with a triangle at its top and a horn turned upwards. A similar image is depicted on the second stone. The third stone contains the simplest image – just a pole with a semicircle at its top. On the fourth stone is a distinctive cross on a pole and a horn turned upwards. The final image, on the last stone, contains a pole with a semicircle together with a small cross (or possibly another semicircle) at its top and a horn turned downwards. The stones at Scebiaraky village are absolutely unique in Belarus. They contain the only examples of images of a horn in the territory of the republic. The long vertical line – a particular representation of a “pole” – is common to the images on all the stones, although different compositions – triangle, semicircle and cross – are found at its top. No image in the Scebiaraky complex is repeated and it is possible to suppose a certain system in this sequence of images. The consecutive arrangement of images on the stones fits the idea that they were a single composition. This is especially important, because in other cases we deal with separate images on single stones. Naturally, it is necessary to combine possible mythological parallels in order to attempt a decoding of these symbols’ meaning. In hoping to propose and explain mythological parallels to the symbol set, it is necessary to use materials from the folk cultures of the Balts (Lithuanians, Latvians and surviving fragments of religious-mythological ideas of other tribes), and Slavs (primarily Belarusians). In short we are dealing with cultural phenomena of the Baltic-Slavic contact zone. The astronomical hypothesis The key fact is that the Scebiaraky stones are strictly arranged on a North-South line. If an observer watches the images he looks due North. Such precision in the arrangement could not arise by chance. At that time, such an accurate orientation to the North was only possible by using astronomy. That is why we are able to assume that the images had (at least partly) a cosmological meaning that was connected and included into concrete astronomical movement. The orientation to the North means that the symbols are connected with the northern constellations and, primarily, with the North Star (Pole Star). An observer could see it over the stone complex at night. The direct orientation to the North shows that the symbol of a pole with a semicircle could have been comprehended as a mythological axis connecting the terrestrial world with the North Star. The name of the North Star is connected with a concept such as a column, pole, or nail in many parts of the world, including our region. Belarusians named the North Star ‘the Big Column’ (Karpenko 1985, p.22). The name ‘Column’ is widespread in some regions of Russia and among other Slavic peoples, as well as among Estonians, Mongols and Turks. Polish Catholic legend supported the idea that there exists a pole connecting the North Star with hell (Cetwiński, Derwich 1987, p.189). A possible conclusion is that the image of a pole with a semicircle is a graphic representation of the heavenly sphere. As such, it is the simplest representation V V. REFLECTIONS OF ASTRO- NOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN MONUMENTS, LANDSCAPES AND ARCHITECTURE 163
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ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA10 Astronomy an
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UDK 902/904 Ar 46 Volume 10 Editori
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Vytautas Tumėnas. The visual and t
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PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
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Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface cists, ma
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
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List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
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List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
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Second Parts can always be better!
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Conference Summary: A Historian’s
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Belie
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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SAULĖS KALENDORIUS PAGAL LATVIŲ D
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Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
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THE BIRTHDAY OF ASAKKU ARKADIUSZ SO
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Calendrical Deer, Time-Reckoning an
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The Mythological Moon Horse as Refl
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The Visual and the Mythical- Poetic
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VYTAUTAS TUMĖNAS The Visual and th
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Some Peripheral Forms of the Medite
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JONAS VAIŠKŪNAS Some Peripheral F
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Were the 185 A.D. and 369 A.D. “G
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Indigenous Astronomical Traditions
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A new attempt to date the Xia, Shan
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GÖRAN HENRIKSSON A new attempt to
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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Anothe
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Page 114 and 115: The Date of Purim and Calendars in
Page 120 and 121: L’abbé Jean Lebeuf, (1687- 1760)
Page 126 and 127: Orientations at the Minoan Peak San
Page 132 and 133: GREGORY E. MUNSON, BRYAN C. BATES,
Page 134 and 135: Reading, Writing, and Recording the
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Page 142 and 143: David W. Pankenier, Ciyuan Y. Liu,
Page 144 and 145: The Xiangfen, Taosi site: a Chinese
Page 150 and 151: On the Origin of the Roman Idea of
Page 152 and 153: GIULIO MAGLI On the Origin of the R
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Page 156 and 157: The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina
Page 158 and 159: ARNOLD LEBEUF The Nuraghic Well of
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Page 164 and 165: ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
Page 166 and 167: Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Page 170 and 171: Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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Page 176 and 177: JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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Page 180 and 181: Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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Page 184 and 185: MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
Page 194 and 195: A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
Page 196 and 197: LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
Page 198 and 199: An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
Page 200 and 201: Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
Page 204 and 205: RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
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Page 210 and 211: Basatanya revisited: two periods of
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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LIONEL SIMS Integrating Archaeoastr
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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The Orientations of Central Alentej
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Searching for the Astronomy of Abor
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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THE CASE STUDY OF THE BOORONG The C
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Di
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In Memoriam Izold’s interests wer
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates 2 6 1 3 Plate II. Antonio C
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Plates 12 11 10 9 8 7 Plate IV. IV
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Plates 1 11 Plate VI. VI Antonio C
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Plates 2 3 Plate VIII. VIII Lucilla
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