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Eleventh-Century Supernovae: Another Way to Read the Medieval Sources? ANTONELLA GHIGNOLI, ANDREA MARTOCCHIA, VITO FRANCES- CO POLCARO 112 Fig. 1. Comparison between a Type IIp Supernova model and the available photometric data of SN 1054 deduced from the historical sources Petri Aldenburgensi and the so called Rampona Chronicle), worked with an inappropriate method: they read each of those texts as if they belonged to the same vague ‘genre’ of historical works. This assumption can be countered, very briefly, as follows. 1. De obitu Leonis is a libellus – a “standard” genre of text created in order to support a request for canonization – for Pope Leo IX. The episode of “the innumerable brilliant lamps” is a recurring theme (topos) of the genre (kratophania) yet it does not appear in the most ancient (12 th -century) and only preserved (in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence) manuscript of this text. Thus we conclude that De obitu Leonis by Libuinus does not represent a record of a real celestial phenomenon. 2. Ttractatus de ecclesia S. Petri Aldenburgensi – if it is not an antiquarian forgery – belongs to the genre of the “legend of the foundation” of a church and it is not hard to demonstrate that Saint Leo IX (the pope) played a central role as “virtual” and much needed founder of the church of St. Peter. This text is not a ‘history’ of facts but a list of miracles. 3. The only certain reference to SN 1054 can be found in the so-called Rampona chronicle (which is part of a set of texts) and the recently proposed interpretation of the crucial passage (Collins et al. 1999) is sufficient, although not completely correct. In fact, the author of this late Italian town chronicle (of Bologna), Bartolomeo della Pugliola, wrote between 1395 and 1420, and so was only a contemporary witness of events that happened during that period; he “cut and pasted” news from earlier periods that he obtained from several different sources (Zabbia 1999). Incidentally, taking into account the sound proposal by Collins et al. (1999), the Latin expression “in circuitu prime lune” can be properly translated as simply “on the first day of the new moon”. Conclusion It is a fact that SN 1006 was brighter than SN 1054: the first one was a Type Ia supernova while the second one was an intrinsically less luminous Type IIp and they were both at a similar distance (2.18 kpc and 1.83 kpc respectively). However, this fact alone does not explain the difference in the number of historical sources concerning SN 1006 (19 independent sources found all over the world) and SN 1054 (only 7 or 8). We suggest that the main explanation is in their position in the sky as well as the explosion dates. Both supernovae exploded in April, but SN 1006 (R.A 15h 02m 48.4s) did so when it was nearly in opposition to the Sun and was thus immediately recognized everywhere as a very impressive star (although it was often called “a comet” for political or cultural reasons). SN 1054 (R.A. 05h 34m 31.97s), on the other hand, exploded when it was nearly in conjunction with the Sun. Thus it took some time before it was clearly seen and recognized as “a star” (apart from in China, where it should have be seen during the solar eclipse of May 10 th 1054). When SN 1054 finally became visible at night, it was already three months old, and thus much less luminous and impressive for people with a scarce sky knowledge (such as the Europeans) as well as for people with very strong political reasons for ignoring it as long as possible (such as the Chinese). Further study of the 11 th -century supernovae needs to be undertaken, both from the historical and the astrophysical point of view. References BRECHER, K., LIEBER, E. and LIEBER, A. E., 1978. A Near-Eastern sighting of the supernova explosion of 1054, Nature, 273, 728. CLARK, D. H. and STEPHENSON, F.R., 1977. The Historical Supernovae. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977. COLLINS, G. W., CLASPY, W. P. , MARTIN, J. C., 1999. A Reinterpretation of Historical References to the Supernova of A.D. 1054. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 111, 871. DUYVENDAK, J. J. L., 1942. Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part I. The Ancient Oriental Chronicles. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 54, 91. GHIGNOLI, A., POLCARO, V. F., 2007. Eleventh Century Astronomical Events as Recorded in Contemporary European Sources. In: I. LIRITZIS, ed. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 6 (3 - special issue), 61-66. GUIDOBONI, E., MARMO, C., POLCARO, V. F., 1992. La Supernova del 1054 nelle fonti europee. Le Scienze, 292, 24. GUIDOBONI, E., MARMO, C., POLCARO, V. F. 1994. Do we need to re-date the birth of the Crab Nebula? Mem. SAIt, 65, 623.
HUBBLE, E., 1928. Novae or Temporary Stars. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific Leaflet, 1, 14. MAYALL, N.U., OORT, J.H., 1942 Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part II. The Astronomical Aspects. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 54, 95. MCCORMICK, M., 1975. Les annales du haut moyen âge. Turnhout: Brepols. PANKENIER, D. A., 2006. Notes on translations of the East Asian records relating to the supernova of AD 1054. Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 9(1), 77 POLCARO, V.F. MARTOCCHIA, A., 2006. Supernovae astrophysics from Middle Age documents. In: E. J. A. MEURS, G. FABBIANO, eds. Proceedings of the 230th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union “Populations of High Energy Sources in Galaxies“. Dublin, Ireland 15-19 August 2005. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 264-268. POLCARO, V F., 2007. The astronomical bureau during the Song dynasty. In: M.P. ZEDDA and J. A. BELMONTE, eds. Lights and Shadows in Cultural Astronomy. Isili, Sardinia: Associazione Archeofila Sarda. POULLE, E., 1981. Les sources astronomiques (textes, tables, instruments). Turnhout: Brepols. SOLLERMAN, J., KOZMA, C., LUNDQVIST, P., 2001. Why did Supernova 1054 shine at late times? A&A, 366, 197. SUN XIAOCHUN, 2001. La cartografia celeste In: Storia della Scienza, II. Rome: IEI 155. SWARTZ, D. A., WHEELER, J., C., HARKNESS, R.P., 1991. Model light curves of linear Type II supernovae. ApJ, 374, 266. UTROBIN, V. P., 1978. Supernova models with slow energy pumping and galactic supernova remnants. Ap&SS, 55, 441. VAN HOUTS, E., 1995. Local and Regional Chronicles. Turnhout: Brepols. XU, Z., PANKENIER, D.W., JIANG, Y., 2000. East Asian Archaoeastronomy. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. ZABBIA, M., 1999. I notai e la cronachistica cittadina italiana nel Trecento. Roma: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo. Received: 2 November 2007; Revised: 20 October 2008 XI A. SUPERNOVOS – KITAS BŪDAS SKAITYTI VIDURAMŽIŲ RAŠYTINIUS ŠALTINIUS? Antonella Ghignoli, Andrea Martocchia, Vito Francesco Polcaro Santrauka šiuolaikinės „objektyviosios“ astronomijos žiniomis. Šis straipsnis iš naujo kelia klausimą dėl viduramžių „vakarietiškų“ šaltinių apie XI a. supernovų SN 1006 ir SN 1054 tyrimus. Minėti reiškiniai yra svarbūs šiuolaikinei astrofizikai, bet senoviniuose rašytiniuose Rytų šaltiniuose apie juos pateikiami neapibrėžti ir abejotini tvirtinimai (Polcaro and Martocchia 2006). Į iškylančius klausimus apie SN 1054 supernovos pasirodymą atsakymų ieškoma pasitelkus vadinamąją „Ramponos kroniką“ ir „Tractatus de ecclesia S. Petri Aldenburgensis“ (naujai apmąstant šio teksto kilmę ir istoriją) bei įžymųjį „Libuinus’o tekstą“ apie popiežiaus Leo IX mirtį: vienintelis šio teksto senovinis rankraštis tėra išlikęs ir saugomas Florencijoje (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, ms. Conventi soppressi (Vallombrosa) 331; sec. XII). Šie atpasakojamieji šaltiniai aptariami platesniuose teorinių klausimų rėmuose, taikant filologinės kritikos ir istorinės astronomijos metodus. Prieinama išvada, kad nė vienas iš tirtų šaltinių negali pateikti naudingų astrofiziniams tyrimams kiekybinių duomenų. Apie supernovą SN 1054 esama gana mažai istorinių šaltinių palyginti su SN 1006, tai iš dalies gali būti aiškinama pastangų tiriant Vakarų rašytinius šaltinius stoka bei patrauklios, bet istoriškai nemotyvuotos „Romos katalikų bažnyčios cenzūros“ teorijos pasekmėmis, kaip ir tuo faktu, jog SN 1006 buvo tikrai ryškesnė negu SN 1054. Mūsų manymu, pagrindinė priežastis, nulėmusi skirtingą dėmesį abiem supernovoms, slypi skirtingose jų padėtyse dangaus skliaute ir sprogimų datose. Abi supernovos sužibo balandžio mėnesį, bet SN 1006 (R.A. 15h 02m 48.4s) sprogo būdama beveik opozicijoje saulei, taigi iškart galėjo būti visur atpažinta kaip labai įspūdinga žvaigždė (nors dėl politinių ar kultūrinių priežasčių dažnai buvo įvardijama kaip „kometa“). Priešingai, SN 1054 (R.A. 05h 34m 31.97s) sprogo, kai jos padėtis beveik sutapo su saulės padėtimi. Taigi turėjo praeiti šiek tiek laiko, kol ją galima buvo aiškiai pamatyti ir atpažinti kaip „žvaigždę“ (išskyrus Liao karalystę, kur ji buvo matoma jau 1054 m. gegužės 10 d. – saulės užtemimo metu). Kai SN 1054 tapo matoma naktimis, jau buvo praėję trys mėnesiai, ir ji turėjo būti ne tokia ryški ir įspūdinga. Vertė Jonas Marozas ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 IV IV. ASTRO- NOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN HISTORICAL SOURCES AND LITERATURE Skaityti viduramžių rašytinius šaltinius yra gana sudėtinga. Čia negalime vadovautis paprastu stereotipišku „viduramžių mentaliteto“ supratimu, ypač kai tuose tekstuose reikia rasti astronominę informaciją, kurią būtina palyginti tiek su stebimosios, tiek ir su teorinės 113
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ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA10 Astronomy an
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UDK 902/904 Ar 46 Volume 10 Editori
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Vytautas Tumėnas. The visual and t
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PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
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Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface cists, ma
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
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List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
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List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
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Second Parts can always be better!
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Conference Summary: A Historian’s
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Belie
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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SAULĖS KALENDORIUS PAGAL LATVIŲ D
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Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
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THE BIRTHDAY OF ASAKKU ARKADIUSZ SO
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina
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ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Images on the Stones at Scebiaraky
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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Antonio César González García, V
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Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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JOHN MCKIM MALVILLE, MICHAEL ZAWASK
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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Cosmological Motifs of Peruvian Hua
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MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
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A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
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LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
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An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
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Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
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RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
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Fig. 1. Distribution of the graves
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Basatanya revisited: two periods of
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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LIONEL SIMS Integrating Archaeoastr
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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The Orientations of Central Alentej
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Searching for the Astronomy of Abor
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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THE CASE STUDY OF THE BOORONG The C
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Di
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In Memoriam Izold’s interests wer
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates 2 6 1 3 Plate II. Antonio C
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Plates 1 11 Plate VI. VI Antonio C
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Plates 2 3 Plate VIII. VIII Lucilla
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