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The Xiangfen, Taosi site: a Chinese Neolithic ‘Observatory’? David W. Pankenier, Ciyuan Y. Liu, Salvo De Meis tuomet galėjo būti stebimas. Atlikta astronominė analizė patvirtino prielaidą, jog šis kompleksas galėjo būti naudojamas vasaros saulėgrįžos aukojimo ritualo laikui nustatyti pagal Saulės patekėjimo kryptį. Kur kas labiau neaiškus taško E7 interpretavimas, galimos jo sąsajos su lygiadieniais ir tašku E1 (pietinės lunisticijos vietoje). Abiem atvejais stebėjimo krypties tikslumas yra daug blogesnis negu solsticijų azimutų. Palyginti grubi ištirtos struktūros konstrukcija, netikslus orientavimas, netaisyklingas ir asimetriškas sekcijų tarp stebėjimo angų išdėstymas – visa tai byloja apie ankstyvąjį stebėjimų laikotarpį, kai ritualiniais tikslais pagal saulėtekius buvo nustatoma metų laikų pradžia. Vis dėlto Taosi archeologinis paminklas yra beprecedentis liudytojas, rodantis egzistavus rudimentinį horizontalų kalendorių ir bandymus nustatyti Saulės metų trukmę keliais šimtmečiais anksčiau, negu buvo tikėtasi. Vertė Vykintas Vaitkevičius 148
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ROMAN IDEA OF TOWN: GEOMETRICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL REFERENCES GIULIO MAGLI Abstract Recent ideas about the formation of the Roman tradition of town layout and the associated foundation rituals are briefly reviewed. The example of Cosa is used as a case study to investigate the possible existence of an archaic, tripartite layout, as is mentioned by some authoritative ancient writers. Key words: ancient town planning - astronomical orientation of towns. ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA 10 Introduction “The remains of Roman towns are still visible, are still part of everyday experience in Western Europe and round the Mediterranean: and the more closely they are examined, the more puzzling they appear.” With these words begins the book by Joseph Rykwert on the Anthropology of the Urban Form in Rome (1999), where the author makes the effort to integrate pieces of information scattered in archaeological remains as well as in many Roman texts. As is well known, Roman historians such as Varro, Plutarcus and Pliny the Elder describe the town’s foundation ritual as following a rule directly inherited from the Etruscans’ sacred books belonging to the haruspices, called Disciplina. A fundamental part of the haruspices’ ritual was connected with cosmic order, and consisted of the identification of a terrestrial image of the heavens (templum) in which the gods were “ordered” and “oriented”. This is shown by the Piacenza Liver, a first-century B.C. bronze model of the liver of a sheep, whose external perimeter is divided into 16 sectors, each devoted to a different god. Once oriented, the liver itself became an image of the cosmos on the earth. By analogy, the same became true of the place from which the auspices had to be taken (the auguraculum) and, in fact, of the whole, ritually founded town (Aveni and Romano 1994). Correspondingly, the ideal “centre”, or mundus, was an icon of the centre of the world, and so contained a deposit, placed at the time of foundation, containing soil, and/or some of the first crop, from the place of birth of the founders (for a recent complete overview see Briquel 2004). Rykwert concluded that the foundation rituals and the layout of urban space originated in “ceremonies of the religion of the Italic people” back as far as the 8th-9th century B.C., if not before. To investigate this intriguing hypothesis, however, many problems have to be tackled and the research requires a fully interdisciplinary approach. In particular, the main questions needing to be addressed are: 1. 2. 3. 4. How far back in the archaeological data can we find traces of the foundation ritual and its connection with astronomy? Why do some authoritative ancient authors - both Greek and Roman, such as Plato and Servius - speak about tripartite, or even radial, town planning? Are traces of these kinds of layout visible in ancient towns before the orthogonal layout became the rule? How were the foundation ritual and the orthogonal town planning glued together? In particular, was orthogonal town planning imported from Greece or did it develop independently in Italy? Did the final product of this evolution, namely the Roman castrum town, have any astronomical connection? In recent years, advances have been made both from the point of view of the archaeological records and from the point of view of their interpretation. In the present paper the advances in addressing questions 1 and 2 will be briefly reported, including (partly unpublished) recent research that has been carried out by the present author on ancient Italic towns. For further developments, concerning points 3 and 4, the interested reader is referred to Gottarelli (2003) and Magli (2008). The Archaeological Records Concerning Auguracula From the Roman period - around the beginning of the first century B.C. - one example of an auguraculum survives (Torelli 1966). This find is not very spectacular and, perhaps consequently, it is poorly known; howev- V V. REFLECTIONS OF ASTRO- NOMICAL AND COSMOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN MONUMENTS, LANDSCAPES AND ARCHITECTURE 149
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ARCHAEOLOGIA BALTICA10 Astronomy an
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UDK 902/904 Ar 46 Volume 10 Editori
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Vytautas Tumėnas. The visual and t
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PREFACE Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface T
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Jonas VaiškūnaS Preface cists, ma
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS List of Contri
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List of Contributors Dimitar Kolev
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List of Contributors 16 Dainius Raz
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Second Parts can always be better!
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Conference Summary: A Historian’s
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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THE MILKY WAY AND ITS STRUCTURING F
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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CECILIA PAULA GÓMEZ Venus And The
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Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Belie
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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Traditional Astronomical Knowledge
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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A Solar Calendar from Latvian Daina
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SAULĖS KALENDORIUS PAGAL LATVIŲ D
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Mesopotamian Influences on Persian
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THE BIRTHDAY OF ASAKKU ARKADIUSZ SO
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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ARKADIUSZ SOŁTYSIAK The Birthday o
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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NOEMI MIRANDA, JUAN A. BELMONTE, MI
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Tracing the Celestial Deer - an Anc
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Calendrical Deer, Time-Reckoning an
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The Mythological Moon Horse as Refl
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The Visual and the Mythical- Poetic
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VYTAUTAS TUMĖNAS The Visual and th
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Some Peripheral Forms of the Medite
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JONAS VAIŠKŪNAS Some Peripheral F
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Were the 185 A.D. and 369 A.D. “G
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Were the 185 A.D. and 369 A.D. “G
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Page 144 and 145: The Xiangfen, Taosi site: a Chinese
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Page 152 and 153: GIULIO MAGLI On the Origin of the R
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Page 156 and 157: The Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina
Page 158 and 159: ARNOLD LEBEUF The Nuraghic Well of
Page 164 and 165: ANDREI PROKHOROV Images on the Ston
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Page 170 and 171: Thracian Dolmens and their Orientat
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Page 184 and 185: MARCELLO RANIERI A Geometrical Anal
Page 194 and 195: A Geometrical Analysis of Mesoameri
Page 196 and 197: LUCILLA LABIANCA, IDA SCIORTINO, SI
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An Archaeoastronomical Study of the
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Some Cosmological Aspects оf Catho
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RIMVYDAS LAUŽIKAS Some Cosmologica
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Fig. 1. Distribution of the graves
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Basatanya revisited: two periods of
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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The Pythagorean Geometry of the Atr
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Measurement Systems for Mathematics
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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LIONEL SIMS Integrating Archaeoastr
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Integrating Archaeoastronomy with L
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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Juan Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Cés
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From Umm Al Qab to Biban Al Muluk:
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The Orientations of Central Alentej
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Cardinal and Lunisolar Alignments a
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Searching for the Astronomy of Abor
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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Alternative Archaeoastronomies - An
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THE CASE STUDY OF THE BOORONG The C
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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The Case Study of the Boorong JOHN
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Nationalism and Politics in the Rec
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Cosmic Catastrophes and Cultural Di
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In Memoriam Izold’s interests wer
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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla AR
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Plates 2 6 1 3 Plate II. Antonio C
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Plates 12 11 10 9 8 7 Plate IV. IV
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Plates 1 11 Plate VI. VI Antonio C
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Plates 2 3 Plate VIII. VIII Lucilla
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