AwaitingLaunch_1397728623369

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Reference A. Kerrest, “Treaty vs resolution”, 2009. C. Brunner and G. Konigsberger, “'Regulatory Impact Assessment'—a tool to strengthen soft law regulations”, in I. Marboe (ed.), Soft Law in Outer Space: The Function of Non-Binding Norms in International Space Law, 2012. General Assembly, Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its Forty-Fourth Session, Held in Vienna from 12 to 23 February 2007. In the Crossfire – McAfee, Critical Infrastructure in the Age of Cyber War, www.mcafee.com/.../reports/rp-in-crossfire-critical-infrastructure-cyb. M. Krepon, “Origins of and rationale for a space code of conduct”, in A. Lele (ed.), Decoding the InternationalCode of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, 2012. S. Aoki, “The function of 'soft law' in the development of international space law”, in I. Marboe (ed.), “Soft Law in Outer Space: The Function of Non-Binding Norms in International Space Law”, 2012. Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs.Accessed on 21st January 2014. Accessible at: http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/topics/intla/humlaw/pse/coc.html. U.S. Department of State.http://www.state.gov/t/isn/trty/101466.htm.See also Austrian Foreign Ministry. http://www.bmeia.gv.at/index.php?id=64664&L=1. UN Charter. http://un.org/uncharter/. Accessed on 21 January 2014. UNIDIR, Emerging Security Threats, “Norms of Behaviour: a Possible Option to Maintain the Growth of Asia–Pacific Space Activities”, Sec1:2. http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/norms-of-behaviour-a-possibleoption-to-maintain-the-growth-of-asia-pacific-space-activities-en-416.pdf. UNIDIR, Emerging Security Threats, “The Role of Norms of Behaviour in African Outer Space Activities”, Sec1:4. http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/the-roleof-norms-of-behaviour-in-african-outer-space-activities-en-418.pdf. 108 | Awaiting Launch: Perspectives on the Draft ICoC for Outer Space Activities
University Micro-Nano Satellites: Need for ICoC for Their Sustainable Use Gayantha R. L. Kodikara The ICoC is an important non-legally binding code that is open to all states on a voluntary basis in order to make outer space safer and more secure for the conduct of various space operations. The ICoC has correctly identified various issues regarding the notification of outer space activities by states and should be applied to issues arising from sustainable use of small satellite missions undertaken by universities. Due to the rapid expansion of small satellite programmes at universities all over the world, ICoC could be further fine-tuned to address the specific points identified hereunder. In recent years, micro and nano satellites, classified as having a mass ranging 88 between 10-100 kg and less than 10 kg respectively, appear to be emerging 89 as a growing industry even, at the university level, due to their low cost, 90 short development time and relative simplicity. Due to their small size, cost effectiveness and simple manufacturing requirements, it is possible to launch tens of micro and nano satellites in a single launch vehicle (E.g. PSLV C09 and PSLV C20 mission by Indian Space Research Organization, India) for a 91 wide range of civil and military applications. In addition to that, more frequent mission opportunities with a large variety of missions supporting the rapid expansion of technical, scientific knowledge and experience with international, local and small industries, 92 creates a wide spectrum of potential users and potential builders. It also University micro and nano-satellite development programmes have been recognised not only as an important tool to provide a space technology research environment by producing space scientists and engineers for the future, but also having the potential to open a new way of space development, by providing far lower cost and quicker access to space. University Micro-Nano Satellites: | www.orfonline.org 109
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AWAITING LAUNCH: PERSPECTIVES ON TH
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Contents Preface About the Authors
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IV. ICoC: Perspectives from Latin A
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and done with the purpose of evolvi
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subscribed and those that have not.
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Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to joini
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Institute of Space Law (IISL), and
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George Washington University (Washi
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Dr. Gayya Habila Umaru is a space l
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Dr. Solomon Belay Tessema is Direct
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IMSO ISEF ISO ITSO ITU LEO LTSS MEO
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ICoC and Long-Term Sustainability o
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Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) fo
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guidelines by the end of 2014. The
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egional and global levels in both p
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formulated by the EU, is neverthele
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"There are some who question the re
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encourages a longer view and even f
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Commerce The Code is also fundament
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These omissions are fortunate becau
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mind its behaviour and follow some
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The UN has made two guidelines for
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any disobedience of the latter will
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ICoC: Recommendations for Further E
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improving the outer space environme
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diminish the ability of any state,
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It happened to Us… Ronnie Nader W
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Customary International Law: A Trou
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elating to the now defunct(EU CoC)
Page 65 and 66: specifically under §§ 5-6 that ar
Page 67: 1.4 Subscription to this Code is op
Page 70 and 71: many years since the treaty's entry
Page 72 and 73: declarations to which the subscribi
Page 74 and 75: of “consensus” in this context
Page 77 and 78: The ICoC: A Starting Point Victoria
Page 79 and 80: Strengths The CoC is being negotiat
Page 81 and 82: 59 defence as recognised in the Cha
Page 83 and 84: Space Code of Conduct.... Only a Be
Page 85 and 86: effort is the resolution about Prev
Page 87 and 88: important platform for discussions
Page 89 and 90: Towards A More Responsible Use of O
Page 91 and 92: It was also raised by the author of
Page 93 and 94: d. discussing the implementation of
Page 95 and 96: ICoC and the Right of Self Defence
Page 97 and 98: Difficulties of Verification If it
Page 99 and 100: were conducted under the chairmansh
Page 101: II. Unique Perspectives Unique Pers
Page 104 and 105: the Functioning of the European Uni
Page 106 and 107: countries (as of early 2014) has be
Page 108 and 109: The ICoC Project: A Way to Avoid Mu
Page 110 and 111: Second, Internet looks different fr
Page 112 and 113: The Benefits of an ICoC There are s
Page 114 and 115: the main cyber powers agree on thes
Page 118 and 119: provides ground-breaking opportunit
Page 120 and 121: 104 scientifically useful orbits to
Page 122 and 123: Reference Argoun, Mohamed B., 2012.
Page 125 and 126: ICoC for Outer Space Activities: An
Page 127 and 128: Addressing Challenges in Space thro
Page 129 and 130: Making the International Code of Co
Page 131 and 132: of negotiations and creating more i
Page 133: III. Regional Views Regional Views
Page 136 and 137: objects of human origin in orbit ar
Page 138 and 139: Non-space faring nations could supp
Page 140 and 141: “Actively participate in the nego
Page 142 and 143: Space Situational Awareness In the
Page 145 and 146: EU Efforts for an ICoC: A Mexican P
Page 147 and 148: ilateral agreements to prevent or m
Page 149 and 150: aspects of space activities, and is
Page 151 and 152: that a successful ICoC could weaken
Page 153 and 154: ICoC and Sustainable Use of Outer S
Page 155 and 156: due to the Moon race and the Cold W
Page 157 and 158: such a way as to avoid the creation
Page 159 and 160: is said to amount to 20 per cent of
Page 161 and 162: oosting transparency and confidence
Page 163: Conclusion The concept of developin
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eyond disarmament issues. Therefore
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• • • consistently reinforce
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government and private sectors. The
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Debris Environment The space enviro
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preventive steps that might minimis
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and it must be pro-actively involve
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• • • • • The Treaty on P
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development of international rules
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content of ICoC is beyond the compe
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References Becerra, R. (2013). Cien
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epresentatives in order to discuss
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practices and undertaking confidenc
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• Beijing and Russia have categor
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“United Nations Committee on the
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In that regard, efforts that have b
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aim of investing in space technolog
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and, to a different degree, Argenti
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Treaty on Principles Governing the
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use of military personnel for scien
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Article X In order to promote inter
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Depositary Governments. Such withdr
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One of its efforts is to recommend
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Organisations are encouraged to use
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3.5 Operational Phases 3.5.1 Launch
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(3) High-pressure vessels should be
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each the surface of the Earth shoul
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Article I For the purposes of this
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Treaty, which shall: (a) Accept for
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Version16September 2013 DRAFT Inter
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and global security and stability,a
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• the Space Debris Mitigation Gui
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5.2. The Subscribing States resolve
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• • • • • The Subscribing
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9.2. The Subscribing States resolve
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Noting the constructive debates tha
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V. Endnotes Endnotes | www.orfonlin
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20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke
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law are not good. However, if both
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ActaAstronauticaVol. 71, 2012, pp.1
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132. The two monographs referenced
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at:http://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-lat
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