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The agenda for such meetings could include: • review of the implementation of the Code, • modification of the Code, and • discussion of additional measures which may be necessary, including those due to advances in the development of space technologies and their application. • establishing procedures regarding the exchange of notifications and other information in the framework of the Code. 8.2. The decisions at such meetings, both substantive and procedural, are to be taken by consensus of the Subscribing States present. 8.3. At the beginning of each regular meeting the Subscribing States are to elect by consensus their chair for the period until the beginning of the next regular meeting. 8.4. The results of the Meeting of Subscribing States are to be brought in an appropriate manner to the attention of relevant international for a including the United Nations General Assembly, the Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the Conference on Disarmament. 9. Central Point of Contact 9.1. A Central Point of Contact is to be designated by the Subscribing States at the first Meeting of the Subscribing States and tasked with: • receiving and communicating notifications that a State subscribes to the Code; • serving as a mechanism to communicate information exchanged under the Code to all Subscribing States; • serving as secretariat at the Meetings of Subscribing States; • maintaining an electronic database and communications system; • exercising organisational functions in connection with the preparation and implementation off amiliarisation activities referred to in section 6.4., if and to the extent requested by Subscribing States involved; and • carrying out other tasks as decided by the Meeting of the Subscribing States. 224 | Awaiting Launch: Perspectives on the Draft ICoC for Outer Space Activities
9.2. The Subscribing States resolve to create an electronic database and communications system, which would be used to: collect and disseminate notifications and information submitted in accordance with this Code; and serve as a mechanism to channel requests for consultations. 9.3. Funding the development and maintenance of the electronic database is to be decided by the first Meeting of Subscribing States. The electronic database is to be used exclusively in the interests of the Subscribing States. 10. Participation by Regional Integration Organisations and International Inter governmental Organisations In this Code, references to Subscribing States are intended to apply, up on their subscription to the Code: • To any regional integration organisation which has competences over matters covered by this Code, with out prejudice to the competences of its member States. • With the exception of Sections 8.2 and 8.3: To any international intergovernmental organisation which conducts outer space activities if a majority of the States members of the organisation are Subscribing States to this Code. Annexure | www.orfonline.org 225
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AWAITING LAUNCH: PERSPECTIVES ON TH
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Contents Preface About the Authors
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IV. ICoC: Perspectives from Latin A
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and done with the purpose of evolvi
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subscribed and those that have not.
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Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to joini
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Institute of Space Law (IISL), and
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George Washington University (Washi
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Dr. Gayya Habila Umaru is a space l
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Dr. Solomon Belay Tessema is Direct
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IMSO ISEF ISO ITSO ITU LEO LTSS MEO
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ICoC and Long-Term Sustainability o
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Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) fo
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guidelines by the end of 2014. The
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egional and global levels in both p
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formulated by the EU, is neverthele
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"There are some who question the re
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encourages a longer view and even f
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Commerce The Code is also fundament
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These omissions are fortunate becau
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mind its behaviour and follow some
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The UN has made two guidelines for
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any disobedience of the latter will
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ICoC: Recommendations for Further E
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improving the outer space environme
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diminish the ability of any state,
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It happened to Us… Ronnie Nader W
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Customary International Law: A Trou
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elating to the now defunct(EU CoC)
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specifically under §§ 5-6 that ar
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1.4 Subscription to this Code is op
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many years since the treaty's entry
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declarations to which the subscribi
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of “consensus” in this context
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The ICoC: A Starting Point Victoria
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Strengths The CoC is being negotiat
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59 defence as recognised in the Cha
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Space Code of Conduct.... Only a Be
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effort is the resolution about Prev
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important platform for discussions
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Towards A More Responsible Use of O
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It was also raised by the author of
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d. discussing the implementation of
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ICoC and the Right of Self Defence
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Difficulties of Verification If it
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were conducted under the chairmansh
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II. Unique Perspectives Unique Pers
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the Functioning of the European Uni
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countries (as of early 2014) has be
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The ICoC Project: A Way to Avoid Mu
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Second, Internet looks different fr
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The Benefits of an ICoC There are s
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the main cyber powers agree on thes
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Reference A. Kerrest, “Treaty vs
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provides ground-breaking opportunit
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104 scientifically useful orbits to
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Reference Argoun, Mohamed B., 2012.
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ICoC for Outer Space Activities: An
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Addressing Challenges in Space thro
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Making the International Code of Co
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of negotiations and creating more i
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III. Regional Views Regional Views
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objects of human origin in orbit ar
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Non-space faring nations could supp
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“Actively participate in the nego
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Space Situational Awareness In the
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EU Efforts for an ICoC: A Mexican P
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ilateral agreements to prevent or m
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aspects of space activities, and is
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that a successful ICoC could weaken
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ICoC and Sustainable Use of Outer S
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due to the Moon race and the Cold W
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such a way as to avoid the creation
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is said to amount to 20 per cent of
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oosting transparency and confidence
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Conclusion The concept of developin
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eyond disarmament issues. Therefore
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• • • consistently reinforce
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government and private sectors. The
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Debris Environment The space enviro
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preventive steps that might minimis
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and it must be pro-actively involve
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• • • • • The Treaty on P
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development of international rules
Page 182 and 183: content of ICoC is beyond the compe
Page 184 and 185: References Becerra, R. (2013). Cien
Page 186 and 187: epresentatives in order to discuss
Page 188 and 189: practices and undertaking confidenc
Page 190 and 191: • Beijing and Russia have categor
Page 192 and 193: “United Nations Committee on the
Page 194 and 195: In that regard, efforts that have b
Page 196 and 197: aim of investing in space technolog
Page 198 and 199: and, to a different degree, Argenti
Page 201 and 202: Treaty on Principles Governing the
Page 203 and 204: use of military personnel for scien
Page 205 and 206: Article X In order to promote inter
Page 207 and 208: Depositary Governments. Such withdr
Page 209 and 210: One of its efforts is to recommend
Page 211 and 212: Organisations are encouraged to use
Page 213 and 214: 3.5 Operational Phases 3.5.1 Launch
Page 215 and 216: (3) High-pressure vessels should be
Page 217 and 218: each the surface of the Earth shoul
Page 219 and 220: Article I For the purposes of this
Page 221 and 222: Treaty, which shall: (a) Accept for
Page 223 and 224: Version16September 2013 DRAFT Inter
Page 225 and 226: and global security and stability,a
Page 227 and 228: • the Space Debris Mitigation Gui
Page 229 and 230: 5.2. The Subscribing States resolve
Page 231: • • • • • The Subscribing
Page 235 and 236: Noting the constructive debates tha
Page 237: V. Endnotes Endnotes | www.orfonlin
Page 240 and 241: 20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke
Page 242 and 243: law are not good. However, if both
Page 244 and 245: ActaAstronauticaVol. 71, 2012, pp.1
Page 246 and 247: 132. The two monographs referenced
Page 248 and 249: at:http://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1
Page 250: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-lat
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