AwaitingLaunch_1397728623369

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Celestial Bodies, will further the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, Have agreed on the following: Article I The exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind. Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be free for exploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind, on a basis of equality and in accordance with international law, and there shall be free access to all areas of celestial bodies. There shall be freedom of scientific investigation in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and States shall facilitate and encourage international cooperation in such investigation. Article II Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. Article III States Parties to the Treaty shall carry on activities in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, in accordance with international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international cooperation and understanding. Article IV States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner. The Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used by all States Parties to the Treaty exclusively for peaceful purposes. The establishment of military bases, installations and fortifications, the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct of military manoeuvres on celestial bodies shall be forbidden. The 194 | Awaiting Launch: Perspectives on the Draft ICoC for Outer Space Activities
use of military personnel for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes shall not be prohibited. The use of any equipment or facility necessary for peaceful exploration of the Moon and other celestial bodies shall also not be prohibited. Article V States Parties to the Treaty shall regard astronauts as envoys of mankind in outer space and shall render to them all possible assistance in the event of accident, distress, or emergency landing on the territory of another State Party or on the high seas. When astronauts make such a landing, they shall be safely and promptly re-turned to the State of registry of their space vehicle. In carrying on activities in outer space and on celestial bodies, the astronauts of one State Party shall render all possible assistance to the astronauts of other States Parties. States Parties to the Treaty shall immediately inform the other States Parties to the Treaty or the Secretary-General of the United Nations of any phenomena they discover in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, which could constitute a danger to the life or health of astronauts. Article VI States Parties to the Treaty shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or by nongovernmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the pro-visions set forth in the present Treaty. The activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty. When activities are carried on in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, by an international organization, responsibility for compliance with this Treaty shall be borne both by the international organization and by the States Parties to the Treaty participating in such organization. Article VII Each State Party to the Treaty that launches or procures the launching of an object into outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and each State Party from whose territory or facility an object is launched, is internationally liable for damage to another State Party to the Treaty or to its Annexure | www.orfonline.org 195
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AWAITING LAUNCH: PERSPECTIVES ON TH
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Contents Preface About the Authors
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IV. ICoC: Perspectives from Latin A
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and done with the purpose of evolvi
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subscribed and those that have not.
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Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to joini
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Institute of Space Law (IISL), and
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George Washington University (Washi
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Dr. Gayya Habila Umaru is a space l
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Dr. Solomon Belay Tessema is Direct
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IMSO ISEF ISO ITSO ITU LEO LTSS MEO
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ICoC and Long-Term Sustainability o
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Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) fo
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guidelines by the end of 2014. The
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egional and global levels in both p
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formulated by the EU, is neverthele
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"There are some who question the re
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encourages a longer view and even f
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Commerce The Code is also fundament
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These omissions are fortunate becau
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mind its behaviour and follow some
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The UN has made two guidelines for
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any disobedience of the latter will
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ICoC: Recommendations for Further E
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improving the outer space environme
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diminish the ability of any state,
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It happened to Us… Ronnie Nader W
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Customary International Law: A Trou
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elating to the now defunct(EU CoC)
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specifically under §§ 5-6 that ar
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1.4 Subscription to this Code is op
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many years since the treaty's entry
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declarations to which the subscribi
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of “consensus” in this context
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The ICoC: A Starting Point Victoria
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Strengths The CoC is being negotiat
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59 defence as recognised in the Cha
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Space Code of Conduct.... Only a Be
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effort is the resolution about Prev
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important platform for discussions
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Towards A More Responsible Use of O
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It was also raised by the author of
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d. discussing the implementation of
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ICoC and the Right of Self Defence
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Difficulties of Verification If it
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were conducted under the chairmansh
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II. Unique Perspectives Unique Pers
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the Functioning of the European Uni
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countries (as of early 2014) has be
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The ICoC Project: A Way to Avoid Mu
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Second, Internet looks different fr
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The Benefits of an ICoC There are s
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the main cyber powers agree on thes
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Reference A. Kerrest, “Treaty vs
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provides ground-breaking opportunit
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104 scientifically useful orbits to
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Reference Argoun, Mohamed B., 2012.
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ICoC for Outer Space Activities: An
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Addressing Challenges in Space thro
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Making the International Code of Co
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of negotiations and creating more i
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III. Regional Views Regional Views
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objects of human origin in orbit ar
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Non-space faring nations could supp
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“Actively participate in the nego
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Space Situational Awareness In the
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EU Efforts for an ICoC: A Mexican P
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ilateral agreements to prevent or m
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aspects of space activities, and is
Page 151 and 152: that a successful ICoC could weaken
Page 153 and 154: ICoC and Sustainable Use of Outer S
Page 155 and 156: due to the Moon race and the Cold W
Page 157 and 158: such a way as to avoid the creation
Page 159 and 160: is said to amount to 20 per cent of
Page 161 and 162: oosting transparency and confidence
Page 163: Conclusion The concept of developin
Page 166 and 167: eyond disarmament issues. Therefore
Page 168 and 169: • • • consistently reinforce
Page 170 and 171: government and private sectors. The
Page 172 and 173: Debris Environment The space enviro
Page 174 and 175: preventive steps that might minimis
Page 176 and 177: and it must be pro-actively involve
Page 178 and 179: • • • • • The Treaty on P
Page 180 and 181: development of international rules
Page 182 and 183: content of ICoC is beyond the compe
Page 184 and 185: References Becerra, R. (2013). Cien
Page 186 and 187: epresentatives in order to discuss
Page 188 and 189: practices and undertaking confidenc
Page 190 and 191: • Beijing and Russia have categor
Page 192 and 193: “United Nations Committee on the
Page 194 and 195: In that regard, efforts that have b
Page 196 and 197: aim of investing in space technolog
Page 198 and 199: and, to a different degree, Argenti
Page 201: Treaty on Principles Governing the
Page 205 and 206: Article X In order to promote inter
Page 207 and 208: Depositary Governments. Such withdr
Page 209 and 210: One of its efforts is to recommend
Page 211 and 212: Organisations are encouraged to use
Page 213 and 214: 3.5 Operational Phases 3.5.1 Launch
Page 215 and 216: (3) High-pressure vessels should be
Page 217 and 218: each the surface of the Earth shoul
Page 219 and 220: Article I For the purposes of this
Page 221 and 222: Treaty, which shall: (a) Accept for
Page 223 and 224: Version16September 2013 DRAFT Inter
Page 225 and 226: and global security and stability,a
Page 227 and 228: • the Space Debris Mitigation Gui
Page 229 and 230: 5.2. The Subscribing States resolve
Page 231 and 232: • • • • • The Subscribing
Page 233 and 234: 9.2. The Subscribing States resolve
Page 235 and 236: Noting the constructive debates tha
Page 237: V. Endnotes Endnotes | www.orfonlin
Page 240 and 241: 20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke
Page 242 and 243: law are not good. However, if both
Page 244 and 245: ActaAstronauticaVol. 71, 2012, pp.1
Page 246 and 247: 132. The two monographs referenced
Page 248 and 249: at:http://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1
Page 250: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-lat
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