AwaitingLaunch_1397728623369

114. Dr D F Martyn from 1962 to 1970, then Professor
John Carver from 1970-1995.
115. Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space
Activities, 16 Sep 2013, p 1. Available at:
http://eeas.europa.eu/non-proliferation-anddisarmament/pdf/space_code_conduct_draft_vers_
16_sept_2013_en.pdf, accessed 6 Jan 2014.
116. Robstock D, A Revised and Stronger International
Code of Conduct for Space, Stimson Centre, 5 Nov
2013, Available at:
http://www.stimson.org/summaries/a-revised-andstronger-international-code-of-conduct-for-space/
,
accessed 6 Jan 2014.
117. Triggs GD (ed), The Antarctic Treaty Regime: Law,
Environment and Resources, Cambridge, New York,
1987.
118. In 2008 Russia and China proposed to the UN
Committee on Disarmament a draft treaty aimed at
Preventing an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS).
The draft treaty has the title The Treaty on
Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer
Space and of the Threat or Use of Force Against
Outer Space Objects (PPWT). The U.S. in particular is
opposed to the draft treaty as it stands and it has no
prospect for adoption which this opposition
remains. A principal U.S. objection to the draft
treaty is that it lacks a verification regime. See for
example,
http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/paros.pdf,
accessed 12 Jan 2014 and Moltz JC, The politics of
Space Security: Strategic Restraint and the Pursuit of
National Interests, Second Edition, Stanford, 2011,
pp309-310.
119. With particular respect to China attention needs to
be paid to questions of language and political
culture. For a useful account of the pitfalls and how
they may be overcome, see Gregory Kulacki,
Chinese Perspectives on Transparency and Security,
13 January 2003. Available at:
http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_glo
bal_security/international_information/us_china_re
lations/chinese-perspectives-on.html, accessed 7
Jan 2014.
120. Private communications with Australian
government officials.
121. http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geosciencebasics/dimensions.html,
accessed 7 Jan 2014.
122. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/
1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?opendocum
ent, accessed 7 Jan 2014.
123. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/
GDP.pdf, accessed 7 Jan 2014.
124. Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Strong
and Secure: A Strategy for Australia's National
Security, Australian Government, Canberra, 2013, p
36.
125. Department of Defence, Force 2030: Defending
Australia in the Asia Pacific Century, Australian
Government, Canberra, 2009, para 6.13, p 47.
126. A useful starting point is the report of a Manning
Clark House Colloquium, held in September 2007
with the title Australia as a Middle Power. See:
http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc
=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCkQFjAA&url=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiia.asn.au%2Fnswpapers%2Fdoc_download%2F62-2007-australiasrole-as-a-middle-power-finalreport&ei=g9DLUruHE4aLkgXdmYEQ&usg=AFQjCN
EHOwk8JQ5XvE0QLdlAMLwAF6sz6g&bvm=bv.5818
7178,d.dGI, accessed 7 Jan 2014.
127. The website of the Department of Foreign Affairs
and Trade states: “Australia has contributed strongly
to the development of the international law of the
sea in a manner that promotes international peace
and security and prosperity. In particular, we played
a constructive and influential role in negotiation of
the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea and its 1994 Implementing Agreement,”
http://www.dfat.gov.au/un/international-law.html,
accessed 7 Jan 2014.
128. See for example, Australian Strategic Policy Institute,
Cold Calculations: Australia's Antarctic Challenges,
Strategic Insights Paper No 66, Canberra, 2013.
129. See http://www.dfat.gov.au/security/ for a
comprehensive accounting of Australia's
involvement in nuclear non-proliferation issues,
especially since the early 1970s.
130. Australia has a long history of advocacy for nuclear
non-proliferation and has led several initiatives to
advance this cause. The country does not possess
nuclear weapons and does not have a nuclear
industry to speak of. Somewhat paradoxically,
Australia holds a third of the world's know uranium
reserves and is the world's third largest uranium
producer which is all exported as uranium oxide for
use in power generation. There is one nuclear
reactor in Australia which is operated by the
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology
Organisation (ANSTO) on the south western
outskirts of Sydney. ANSTO is a government
organisation and the reactor produces isotopes with
medical and research applications and otherwise
provides the essential infrastructure to maintain a
basic level of national competence about nuclear
technology upon which government can draw as
necessary.
131. Futron Corporation, 2012 Space Competitiveness
Index:A Comparative Analysis of How Countries
Invest In and Benefit from Space Industry, U.S., 2012,
pp 32-37.
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