AwaitingLaunch_1397728623369

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IMSO ISEF ISO ITSO ITU LEO LTSS MEO MTCR NASA NEA NEO OST SIA SRM SSA STM TCBMs UN UNCOPUOS UNGA UNIDIR UNOOSA UNSC WG International Mobile Satellite Organization International Space Exploration Forum International Organization for Standardization International Telecommunications Satellite Organization International Telecommunications Union Low Earth Orbit Long Term Sustainability of Outer Space Middle Earth Orbit Missile Technology Control Regime National Aeronautics and Space Administration Near Earth Asteroids Near Earth Orbit Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Satellite Industry Association Solid Rocket Motor Space Situational Awareness Space Traffic Management Transparency and Confidence Building Measures United Nations United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space United Nations General Assembly United Nations Institute for Disarmament and Research United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs United Nations Security Council Working Group 16 | Awaiting Launch: Perspectives on the Draft ICoC for Outer Space Activities
I. The ICoC and the Outer Space Regime The ICoC and the Outer Space Regime | www.orfonline.org 17
Page 1: AWAITING LAUNCH: PERSPECTIVES ON TH
Page 5 and 6: Contents Preface About the Authors
Page 7: IV. ICoC: Perspectives from Latin A
Page 10 and 11: and done with the purpose of evolvi
Page 12 and 13: subscribed and those that have not.
Page 14 and 15: Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to joini
Page 16 and 17: Institute of Space Law (IISL), and
Page 18 and 19: George Washington University (Washi
Page 20 and 21: Dr. Gayya Habila Umaru is a space l
Page 22 and 23: Dr. Solomon Belay Tessema is Direct
Page 27 and 28: ICoC and Long-Term Sustainability o
Page 29 and 30: Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) fo
Page 31 and 32: guidelines by the end of 2014. The
Page 33: egional and global levels in both p
Page 36 and 37: formulated by the EU, is neverthele
Page 38 and 39: "There are some who question the re
Page 40 and 41: encourages a longer view and even f
Page 42 and 43: Commerce The Code is also fundament
Page 44 and 45: These omissions are fortunate becau
Page 46 and 47: mind its behaviour and follow some
Page 48 and 49: The UN has made two guidelines for
Page 50 and 51: any disobedience of the latter will
Page 53 and 54: ICoC: Recommendations for Further E
Page 55 and 56: improving the outer space environme
Page 57 and 58: diminish the ability of any state,
Page 59 and 60: It happened to Us… Ronnie Nader W
Page 61 and 62: Customary International Law: A Trou
Page 63 and 64: elating to the now defunct(EU CoC)
Page 65 and 66: specifically under §§ 5-6 that ar
Page 67: 1.4 Subscription to this Code is op
Page 70 and 71: many years since the treaty's entry
Page 72 and 73: declarations to which the subscribi
Page 74 and 75:
of “consensus” in this context
Page 77 and 78:
The ICoC: A Starting Point Victoria
Page 79 and 80:
Strengths The CoC is being negotiat
Page 81 and 82:
59 defence as recognised in the Cha
Page 83 and 84:
Space Code of Conduct.... Only a Be
Page 85 and 86:
effort is the resolution about Prev
Page 87 and 88:
important platform for discussions
Page 89 and 90:
Towards A More Responsible Use of O
Page 91 and 92:
It was also raised by the author of
Page 93 and 94:
d. discussing the implementation of
Page 95 and 96:
ICoC and the Right of Self Defence
Page 97 and 98:
Difficulties of Verification If it
Page 99 and 100:
were conducted under the chairmansh
Page 101:
II. Unique Perspectives Unique Pers
Page 104 and 105:
the Functioning of the European Uni
Page 106 and 107:
countries (as of early 2014) has be
Page 108 and 109:
The ICoC Project: A Way to Avoid Mu
Page 110 and 111:
Second, Internet looks different fr
Page 112 and 113:
The Benefits of an ICoC There are s
Page 114 and 115:
the main cyber powers agree on thes
Page 116 and 117:
Reference A. Kerrest, “Treaty vs
Page 118 and 119:
provides ground-breaking opportunit
Page 120 and 121:
104 scientifically useful orbits to
Page 122 and 123:
Reference Argoun, Mohamed B., 2012.
Page 125 and 126:
ICoC for Outer Space Activities: An
Page 127 and 128:
Addressing Challenges in Space thro
Page 129 and 130:
Making the International Code of Co
Page 131 and 132:
of negotiations and creating more i
Page 133:
III. Regional Views Regional Views
Page 136 and 137:
objects of human origin in orbit ar
Page 138 and 139:
Non-space faring nations could supp
Page 140 and 141:
“Actively participate in the nego
Page 142 and 143:
Space Situational Awareness In the
Page 145 and 146:
EU Efforts for an ICoC: A Mexican P
Page 147 and 148:
ilateral agreements to prevent or m
Page 149 and 150:
aspects of space activities, and is
Page 151 and 152:
that a successful ICoC could weaken
Page 153 and 154:
ICoC and Sustainable Use of Outer S
Page 155 and 156:
due to the Moon race and the Cold W
Page 157 and 158:
such a way as to avoid the creation
Page 159 and 160:
is said to amount to 20 per cent of
Page 161 and 162:
oosting transparency and confidence
Page 163:
Conclusion The concept of developin
Page 166 and 167:
eyond disarmament issues. Therefore
Page 168 and 169:
• • • consistently reinforce
Page 170 and 171:
government and private sectors. The
Page 172 and 173:
Debris Environment The space enviro
Page 174 and 175:
preventive steps that might minimis
Page 176 and 177:
and it must be pro-actively involve
Page 178 and 179:
• • • • • The Treaty on P
Page 180 and 181:
development of international rules
Page 182 and 183:
content of ICoC is beyond the compe
Page 184 and 185:
References Becerra, R. (2013). Cien
Page 186 and 187:
epresentatives in order to discuss
Page 188 and 189:
practices and undertaking confidenc
Page 190 and 191:
• Beijing and Russia have categor
Page 192 and 193:
“United Nations Committee on the
Page 194 and 195:
In that regard, efforts that have b
Page 196 and 197:
aim of investing in space technolog
Page 198 and 199:
and, to a different degree, Argenti
Page 201 and 202:
Treaty on Principles Governing the
Page 203 and 204:
use of military personnel for scien
Page 205 and 206:
Article X In order to promote inter
Page 207 and 208:
Depositary Governments. Such withdr
Page 209 and 210:
One of its efforts is to recommend
Page 211 and 212:
Organisations are encouraged to use
Page 213 and 214:
3.5 Operational Phases 3.5.1 Launch
Page 215 and 216:
(3) High-pressure vessels should be
Page 217 and 218:
each the surface of the Earth shoul
Page 219 and 220:
Article I For the purposes of this
Page 221 and 222:
Treaty, which shall: (a) Accept for
Page 223 and 224:
Version16September 2013 DRAFT Inter
Page 225 and 226:
and global security and stability,a
Page 227 and 228:
• the Space Debris Mitigation Gui
Page 229 and 230:
5.2. The Subscribing States resolve
Page 231 and 232:
• • • • • The Subscribing
Page 233 and 234:
9.2. The Subscribing States resolve
Page 235 and 236:
Noting the constructive debates tha
Page 237:
V. Endnotes Endnotes | www.orfonlin
Page 240 and 241:
20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke
Page 242 and 243:
law are not good. However, if both
Page 244 and 245:
ActaAstronauticaVol. 71, 2012, pp.1
Page 246 and 247:
132. The two monographs referenced
Page 248 and 249:
at:http://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1
Page 250:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-lat
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