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of “consensus” in this context and distinguish between substantive and procedural issues if they want to ensure effective decision-making at these key meetings of states. In addition to the annual inter-governmental meeting, ICoC provides for tangible and on-going institutional support through a “Central Point of Contact,” which is to be “designated by the subscribing states” at their first meeting. As described in Section 9, the Central Point of Contact is to inter alia “maintain an electronic database and communications system;” “serve as secretariat at the Meeting of Subscribing States” and render other organisational functions upon request, specifically with respect to “the preparation and implementation of familiarisation activities referred to in section 6.4” (which include visits, observations, dialogues and even conferences – potentially a significant workload). The aforementioned database is further described as a means to “collect and disseminate notifications and information submitted in accordance with the provisions of this Code; and serve as a mechanism to channel requests for consultations.” Together these envisioned tasks suggest an extensive scope for the ICoC secretariat, in the form of the Central Point of Contact, however this entity is finally defined and structured. Conclusion The secretariat-like duties assigned to the Central Point of Contact, when combined with the ICoC's informational exchange and consultative mechanisms, could potentially represent a major institutional enhancement to the existing regime for outer space security. As noted earlier, this institutional support is all the more significant given how absent it has been from the regime centered upon OST, especially its space security dimension. It is also aligned with ICoC's explicit self-identification as a regime of TCBMs that are designed to raise levels of confidence through transparency and predictability as well as habits of regular consultation and interaction. If ICoC is to make a real positive difference to the outer space security situation, it will be through use of its innovative “software” of institutional support, rather than by addressing the “hardware” of space arms control or through its reiteration of longstanding norms. This is not to exclude eventual contributions to these other areas of concerns, but in its present form the 66 | Awaiting Launch: Perspectives on the Draft ICoC for Outer Space Activities
code can offer little “value added” to space arms control or norms of responsible conduct. The ICoC's innovative institutionalisation of space security, however, holds out the promise of enhancing the levels of trust and cooperation amongst states to a stage that could facilitate the negotiation of more far-reaching agreements. ICoC and the Institutionalisation of Space Security | www.orfonline.org 67
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AWAITING LAUNCH: PERSPECTIVES ON TH
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Contents Preface About the Authors
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IV. ICoC: Perspectives from Latin A
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and done with the purpose of evolvi
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subscribed and those that have not.
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Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to joini
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Institute of Space Law (IISL), and
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George Washington University (Washi
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Dr. Gayya Habila Umaru is a space l
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Dr. Solomon Belay Tessema is Direct
Page 24 and 25: IMSO ISEF ISO ITSO ITU LEO LTSS MEO
Page 27 and 28: ICoC and Long-Term Sustainability o
Page 29 and 30: Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) fo
Page 31 and 32: guidelines by the end of 2014. The
Page 33: egional and global levels in both p
Page 36 and 37: formulated by the EU, is neverthele
Page 38 and 39: "There are some who question the re
Page 40 and 41: encourages a longer view and even f
Page 42 and 43: Commerce The Code is also fundament
Page 44 and 45: These omissions are fortunate becau
Page 46 and 47: mind its behaviour and follow some
Page 48 and 49: The UN has made two guidelines for
Page 50 and 51: any disobedience of the latter will
Page 53 and 54: ICoC: Recommendations for Further E
Page 55 and 56: improving the outer space environme
Page 57 and 58: diminish the ability of any state,
Page 59 and 60: It happened to Us… Ronnie Nader W
Page 61 and 62: Customary International Law: A Trou
Page 63 and 64: elating to the now defunct(EU CoC)
Page 65 and 66: specifically under §§ 5-6 that ar
Page 67: 1.4 Subscription to this Code is op
Page 70 and 71: many years since the treaty's entry
Page 72 and 73: declarations to which the subscribi
Page 77 and 78: The ICoC: A Starting Point Victoria
Page 79 and 80: Strengths The CoC is being negotiat
Page 81 and 82: 59 defence as recognised in the Cha
Page 83 and 84: Space Code of Conduct.... Only a Be
Page 85 and 86: effort is the resolution about Prev
Page 87 and 88: important platform for discussions
Page 89 and 90: Towards A More Responsible Use of O
Page 91 and 92: It was also raised by the author of
Page 93 and 94: d. discussing the implementation of
Page 95 and 96: ICoC and the Right of Self Defence
Page 97 and 98: Difficulties of Verification If it
Page 99 and 100: were conducted under the chairmansh
Page 101: II. Unique Perspectives Unique Pers
Page 104 and 105: the Functioning of the European Uni
Page 106 and 107: countries (as of early 2014) has be
Page 108 and 109: The ICoC Project: A Way to Avoid Mu
Page 110 and 111: Second, Internet looks different fr
Page 112 and 113: The Benefits of an ICoC There are s
Page 114 and 115: the main cyber powers agree on thes
Page 116 and 117: Reference A. Kerrest, “Treaty vs
Page 118 and 119: provides ground-breaking opportunit
Page 120 and 121: 104 scientifically useful orbits to
Page 122 and 123: Reference Argoun, Mohamed B., 2012.
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ICoC for Outer Space Activities: An
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Addressing Challenges in Space thro
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Making the International Code of Co
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of negotiations and creating more i
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III. Regional Views Regional Views
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objects of human origin in orbit ar
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Non-space faring nations could supp
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“Actively participate in the nego
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Space Situational Awareness In the
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EU Efforts for an ICoC: A Mexican P
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ilateral agreements to prevent or m
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aspects of space activities, and is
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that a successful ICoC could weaken
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ICoC and Sustainable Use of Outer S
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due to the Moon race and the Cold W
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such a way as to avoid the creation
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is said to amount to 20 per cent of
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oosting transparency and confidence
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Conclusion The concept of developin
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eyond disarmament issues. Therefore
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• • • consistently reinforce
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government and private sectors. The
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Debris Environment The space enviro
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preventive steps that might minimis
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and it must be pro-actively involve
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• • • • • The Treaty on P
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development of international rules
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content of ICoC is beyond the compe
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References Becerra, R. (2013). Cien
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epresentatives in order to discuss
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practices and undertaking confidenc
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• Beijing and Russia have categor
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“United Nations Committee on the
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In that regard, efforts that have b
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aim of investing in space technolog
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and, to a different degree, Argenti
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Treaty on Principles Governing the
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use of military personnel for scien
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Article X In order to promote inter
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Depositary Governments. Such withdr
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One of its efforts is to recommend
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Organisations are encouraged to use
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3.5 Operational Phases 3.5.1 Launch
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(3) High-pressure vessels should be
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each the surface of the Earth shoul
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Article I For the purposes of this
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Treaty, which shall: (a) Accept for
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Version16September 2013 DRAFT Inter
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and global security and stability,a
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• the Space Debris Mitigation Gui
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5.2. The Subscribing States resolve
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• • • • • The Subscribing
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9.2. The Subscribing States resolve
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Noting the constructive debates tha
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V. Endnotes Endnotes | www.orfonlin
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20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke
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law are not good. However, if both
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ActaAstronauticaVol. 71, 2012, pp.1
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132. The two monographs referenced
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at:http://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-lat
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