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at:http://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1301/sp1301.pd f. 165. UN General Assembly Document A/AC.105/C.1/L.260,29 ,3.1. 166. UN General Assembly Document A/AC.105/635). 167. “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies”, 27 Jan. 1967. 168. Martha Mejia-Kaiser, “Informal Regulation and Practices in the Field of Space Debris Mitigation”, Air and Space Law Vol. 34, Issue 1 (2009), pp.21-34. 169. UN General Assembly Document A/62/20 supplement No.20, paragraph 117-128. 170. UN General Assembly Document A/RES/62/217, paragraph 27. 171. UN General Assembly Document A/AC.105/C.I/L260, supra n. 1. 172. UN General Assembly Document A/AC.105/917. 173. “The EU leads a multilateral initiative on an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities”, European Union External Action Service, available at: http://eeas.europa.eu/nonproliferation-and-disarmament/outer-spaceactivities/index_en.htm. 174. Art. 1.3 of the Draft Code of Conduct. 175. Art. 3.1 of the Code of Conduct for Outer Space Ibid, listed the Outer Space Treaty (1967), Rescue Agreement (1968), Liability Convention (1972), Registration Convention (1975), ITU Constitution and Convention (2002), Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1996), International Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (2002), Outer Space Principle of UNGA Res. 1962 (XVIII), Principles on Nuclear Power Sources of UNGA Res. 47/68, Declaration of International Cooperation of UNGA Res. 51/122, Recommendation on Registration of UNGA Res. 62/101, Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of UNGA Res. 62/217. 176. Art. 1.3 of the Draft Code of Conduct. 177. Art. 2 of the Draft Code of Conduct. 178. Art. 4.1 of the Draft Code of Conduct. 179. http:///eesa.europa.eu/non-proliferation-anddisarmament. 180. Stefan A. Kaiser, “Space Security and Space Safety: Two Concepts To Be Distinguished”, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 181. Stefan A. Kaiser, “Space Security and Space Safety: Two Concepts To Be Distinguished”, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, p.161. 182. Ibid. 183. http:///eesa.europa.eu/non-proliferationdisarmament. 184. “USA-193: life and death of a spy satellite”, Sattrackcam Leiden Station (B)log, available at: http://sattrackcam.blogspot.com/2008/01/usa-193- imminent-decay-in-news.html. 185. Paul Marks, “Satellite collision 'more powerful than China's ASAT test'”, New Scientist (13 February 2009), available at: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16604- satellite-collision-more-powerful-than-chinas-asattest.html. 186. Ibid.. 187. Martha Mejia-Kaiser, “Collision Course: The Iridium- Cosmos Crash”, Paper presented at the International Aeronautic Congress 2009.. 188. UN General Assembly Document A/AC.105/C.I/L.260. 189. Roscoe M. Moore, as quoted in: Maria Buzdugan “Recent Challenges Facing the Management of Radio Frequencies and Orbital Resources Used by Satellite”,.. 190. HamadounToure, ITU Secretary General, as quoted in: Maria Buzdugan “Recent Challenges Facing the Management of Radio Frequencies and Orbital Resources Used by Satellite” p 311. 191. Yvon Henri, as quoted in: Maria Buzdugan “Recent Challenges Facing the Management of Radio Frequencies and Orbital Resources Used by Satellite”. 192. Ibid, p. 317. 193. Ibid. p. 318. 194. Art. 5.1 of the Draft Code of Conduct. 195. Art. 6 of the Draft Code of Conduct. 196. Anastasia A. Gbem, “Space Development in African Countries: An Overview”, Annals of Air and Space Law Vol. XXXIV (2009) p. 887. 197. See Article I, paragraph II of the Outer Space Treaty 1967. 198. The Allotment Plan for the fixed-satellite service using part of the 4/6 and 10-11/12GHz frequency bands is contained in Appendix S30B. The plan for the broadcasting-satellite service in the frequency band 11.7-12.7GHz is contained in Appendix S30 and the associated Plan for feeder links in the 14GHz 240 | Awaiting Launch: Perspectives on the Draft ICoC for Outer Space Activities
and 17 GHz frequency bands (Appendix) see Maria Buzdugan “Recent Challenges Facing the Management of Radio Frequencies and Orbital Resources Used by Satellite”, p. 314. 199. The views expressed by the authors are based ona continuous study and careful observanceof the developments in Indian space activities and in the international arena on the Code of Conduct. The authors hope that the views expressed here will help in founding an Indian “national” position on the Code – which the authors feel is important and critical. 200. The authors are grateful to National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore – especially Dr VS Ramamurthy, Director and to Jain University, Bangalore. 201. The latest text available at http://eeas.europa.eu/non-proliferation-anddisarmament/pdf/space_code_conduct_draft_vers_ 16_sept_2013_en.pdf. 202. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, adopted on 13 December 1963 (General Assembly resolution 1962 -XVIII-). Principles Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting, adopted on 10 December 1982 (General Assembly resolution 37/92). Principles relating to remote sensing of the Earth from outer space, adopted on 3 December 1986 (General Assembly resolution 41/65). Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, adopted on 14 December 1992 (General Assembly resolution 47/68). Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries, adopted on 13 December 1996 (General Assembly resolution 51/122). 203. COPUOS Guidelines for space debris mitigation adopted on 2007 by General Assembly resolution 62/217. 204. Security framework related to nuclear power sources in outer space, approved on COPUOS 52ª session, June 2009. 205. Council of the European Union Document 14455/10. 206. Council of the European Union Document 14455/10. 207. “Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies”, in: United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space, United Nations, 2002, available at: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/ST SPACE11E.pdf(accessed on June 28, 2012). 208. UN General Assembly Document 2345 (XXII). 209. UN General Assembly Document 2777 (XXVI).. 210. “Model Code of Conduct”, Stimson Center, available at: http://www.stimson.org/research-pages/modelcode-of-conduct/(accessed on June 28,2012). 211. Conference on Disarmament Document CD/1839. 212. Conference on Disarmament Document CD/1865. 213. Council of the European Union Document 14455/10. 214. The views expressed herein are solely those of the author. 215. Conference on DisarmamentDocument CD/1839. 216. Conference on Disarmament Document CD/1865. 217. Committee of the Peaceful Use of Outer Space Document A/AC.105/2009/CRP.12. 218. UN General Assembly Document A/AC.105/L.278. 219. Doug Messier, “Brazil Proposes Latin American Space Alliance”, parabolicarc.com, November 17, 2013, available at www.parabolicarc.com/2013/11/17/brazil-proposeslatin-american-space-alliance/. 220. “Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future“, World Commission on Environment and Development, March 20, 1987, available at http://www.undocuments.net/our-common-future.pdf 221. Ibid. 222. For a detaileddescriptionoftheopinionsofLatin American States towardstheICo.C, see“Report On American Seminar and Outreach Initiatives forthe Facilitation of the Development of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities: Space Equities: The Role ofthe Americas in Developing Norms of Behaviour“, UNIDIR, available at: http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/semin ar-report-mexico-en-599.pdf, . See forexamplethepresentationof Jose MonserratFilhoatthe UNIDIR American Regional Seminar (1 and 2 July 2013), “Report On American Seminar and Outreach Initiatives forthe Facilitation of the Development of an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities: Space Equities: The Role ofthe Americas in Developing Norms of Behaviour“, UNIDIR, available at: http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/semin ar-report-mexico-en-599.pdf, . 223. “Ecuador Pegasus satellite fears over space debris crash“, bbc.co.uk, May 24, 2013, available at Endnotes | www.orfonline.org 241
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AWAITING LAUNCH: PERSPECTIVES ON TH
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Contents Preface About the Authors
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IV. ICoC: Perspectives from Latin A
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and done with the purpose of evolvi
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subscribed and those that have not.
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Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to joini
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Institute of Space Law (IISL), and
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George Washington University (Washi
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Dr. Gayya Habila Umaru is a space l
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Dr. Solomon Belay Tessema is Direct
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IMSO ISEF ISO ITSO ITU LEO LTSS MEO
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ICoC and Long-Term Sustainability o
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Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) fo
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guidelines by the end of 2014. The
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egional and global levels in both p
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formulated by the EU, is neverthele
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"There are some who question the re
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encourages a longer view and even f
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Commerce The Code is also fundament
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These omissions are fortunate becau
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mind its behaviour and follow some
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The UN has made two guidelines for
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any disobedience of the latter will
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ICoC: Recommendations for Further E
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improving the outer space environme
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diminish the ability of any state,
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It happened to Us… Ronnie Nader W
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Customary International Law: A Trou
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elating to the now defunct(EU CoC)
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specifically under §§ 5-6 that ar
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1.4 Subscription to this Code is op
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many years since the treaty's entry
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declarations to which the subscribi
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of “consensus” in this context
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The ICoC: A Starting Point Victoria
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Strengths The CoC is being negotiat
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59 defence as recognised in the Cha
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Space Code of Conduct.... Only a Be
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effort is the resolution about Prev
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important platform for discussions
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Towards A More Responsible Use of O
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It was also raised by the author of
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d. discussing the implementation of
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ICoC and the Right of Self Defence
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Difficulties of Verification If it
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were conducted under the chairmansh
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II. Unique Perspectives Unique Pers
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the Functioning of the European Uni
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countries (as of early 2014) has be
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The ICoC Project: A Way to Avoid Mu
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Second, Internet looks different fr
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The Benefits of an ICoC There are s
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the main cyber powers agree on thes
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Reference A. Kerrest, “Treaty vs
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provides ground-breaking opportunit
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104 scientifically useful orbits to
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Reference Argoun, Mohamed B., 2012.
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ICoC for Outer Space Activities: An
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Addressing Challenges in Space thro
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Making the International Code of Co
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of negotiations and creating more i
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III. Regional Views Regional Views
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objects of human origin in orbit ar
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Non-space faring nations could supp
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“Actively participate in the nego
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Space Situational Awareness In the
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EU Efforts for an ICoC: A Mexican P
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ilateral agreements to prevent or m
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aspects of space activities, and is
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that a successful ICoC could weaken
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ICoC and Sustainable Use of Outer S
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due to the Moon race and the Cold W
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such a way as to avoid the creation
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is said to amount to 20 per cent of
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oosting transparency and confidence
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Conclusion The concept of developin
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eyond disarmament issues. Therefore
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• • • consistently reinforce
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government and private sectors. The
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Debris Environment The space enviro
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preventive steps that might minimis
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and it must be pro-actively involve
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• • • • • The Treaty on P
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development of international rules
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content of ICoC is beyond the compe
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References Becerra, R. (2013). Cien
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epresentatives in order to discuss
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practices and undertaking confidenc
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• Beijing and Russia have categor
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“United Nations Committee on the
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In that regard, efforts that have b
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aim of investing in space technolog
Page 198 and 199: and, to a different degree, Argenti
Page 201 and 202: Treaty on Principles Governing the
Page 203 and 204: use of military personnel for scien
Page 205 and 206: Article X In order to promote inter
Page 207 and 208: Depositary Governments. Such withdr
Page 209 and 210: One of its efforts is to recommend
Page 211 and 212: Organisations are encouraged to use
Page 213 and 214: 3.5 Operational Phases 3.5.1 Launch
Page 215 and 216: (3) High-pressure vessels should be
Page 217 and 218: each the surface of the Earth shoul
Page 219 and 220: Article I For the purposes of this
Page 221 and 222: Treaty, which shall: (a) Accept for
Page 223 and 224: Version16September 2013 DRAFT Inter
Page 225 and 226: and global security and stability,a
Page 227 and 228: • the Space Debris Mitigation Gui
Page 229 and 230: 5.2. The Subscribing States resolve
Page 231 and 232: • • • • • The Subscribing
Page 233 and 234: 9.2. The Subscribing States resolve
Page 235 and 236: Noting the constructive debates tha
Page 237: V. Endnotes Endnotes | www.orfonlin
Page 240 and 241: 20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke
Page 242 and 243: law are not good. However, if both
Page 244 and 245: ActaAstronauticaVol. 71, 2012, pp.1
Page 246 and 247: 132. The two monographs referenced
Page 250: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-lat
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