AwaitingLaunch_1397728623369

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Russia introduced the draft of the Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects (PPWT). The PPWT has the support of many states, but not all, because of definitional issue and verification concerns. Information on non-functional space objects that may threaten operational space objects should be shared among all states concerned. Warning of the collision of space objects irrespective of functional status and the manoeuvre or removal of space objects should take into account legal aspects such as definition and identification of space objects, jurisdictions, process of caution and warning, sharing the role of players, responsibility and liability with reasonable and verifiable approach. The results of these initiatives will provide necessary solutions technically, politically, and legally at a certain level. Otherwise, we will not be able to utilise space in the near future. International Cooperation As described above, international cooperation is a must to maintain longterm sustainability of outer space activities. Moreover, in the coming years, closer and more intense cooperation between countries with established space capabilities and those gaining experience in space utilisation will be increasingly important to ensure that best practices are implemented by all space actors, including emerging actors. Over the past 50 years, space-faring nations have significantly advanced their space technologies, overcoming numerous technical, programmatic and political challenges. The path toward attaining a similar level of excellence will not be easy for developing countries and cooperative work with advanced space-faring nations are strongly recommended. I would like to emphasise that space exploration or development is not an easy task. From my experience as a space engineer, the important aspect is systems engineering. A thorough and detailed system requirements definition, high reliability and quality assurance, long-life design, and low-life cycle cost are key success factors. In order to achieve mission success, well-structured development processes, standardised procedures, incorporation of lessons learned from past experience and thorough review by experienced experts are essential. Space technology provides a wide range of essential tools for making informed decisions in support of development at local, national, 24 | Awaiting Launch: Perspectives on the Draft ICoC for Outer Space Activities
egional and global levels in both public and private domains. The past 50 years of space research and development have produced many experts with significant experience and knowledge in this field. More and more of these experts are now retiring, but the knowledge, lessons learned and best practices gained from their expertise and involvement should be utilised for space activities in the interest of emerging space countries. It would be very useful to examine how such expertise could be made globally available on request as one of the forms of international cooperation. Conclusion The practical benefits of space technology applications today virtually touch every facet of human endeavour extending over communication, navigation, meteorology, education, health, agriculture, resource management, environmental protection and disaster management. However, inequalities certainly exist in terms of benefits received by the countries and regions of the world, including access to geospatial data and capacity to use space technology for development. These inequalities are amplified with the lack of relevant institutional framework. In order to spread the benefit of space science and technology and their applications as much as possible throughout the world, international cooperation, especially those with advanced and emerging space actors, are essential. Another significantly important matter is to implement advanced launch notification and information exchange of the space objects. All the space actors must behave responsibly to ensure sustainable use of outer space. For this again, international cooperation is necessary and advanced space-faring nations should consider capacity building for the long-term sustainability of outer space. To adapt to the emerging and future challenges to the global community, the UN mechanisms, including UNCOPUOS which I am currently chairing, need to, in close coordination with its Member States, work for effective solutions. Inequalities certainly exist in terms of benefits received by the countries and regions of the world, including access to geospatial data and capacity to use space technology for development. These inequalities are amplified with the lack of relevant institutional framework. ICoC and Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities | www.orfonline.org 25
Page 1: AWAITING LAUNCH: PERSPECTIVES ON TH
Page 5 and 6: Contents Preface About the Authors
Page 7: IV. ICoC: Perspectives from Latin A
Page 10 and 11: and done with the purpose of evolvi
Page 12 and 13: subscribed and those that have not.
Page 14 and 15: Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to joini
Page 16 and 17: Institute of Space Law (IISL), and
Page 18 and 19: George Washington University (Washi
Page 20 and 21: Dr. Gayya Habila Umaru is a space l
Page 22 and 23: Dr. Solomon Belay Tessema is Direct
Page 24 and 25: IMSO ISEF ISO ITSO ITU LEO LTSS MEO
Page 27 and 28: ICoC and Long-Term Sustainability o
Page 29 and 30: Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) fo
Page 31: guidelines by the end of 2014. The
Page 36 and 37: formulated by the EU, is neverthele
Page 38 and 39: "There are some who question the re
Page 40 and 41: encourages a longer view and even f
Page 42 and 43: Commerce The Code is also fundament
Page 44 and 45: These omissions are fortunate becau
Page 46 and 47: mind its behaviour and follow some
Page 48 and 49: The UN has made two guidelines for
Page 50 and 51: any disobedience of the latter will
Page 53 and 54: ICoC: Recommendations for Further E
Page 55 and 56: improving the outer space environme
Page 57 and 58: diminish the ability of any state,
Page 59 and 60: It happened to Us… Ronnie Nader W
Page 61 and 62: Customary International Law: A Trou
Page 63 and 64: elating to the now defunct(EU CoC)
Page 65 and 66: specifically under §§ 5-6 that ar
Page 67: 1.4 Subscription to this Code is op
Page 70 and 71: many years since the treaty's entry
Page 72 and 73: declarations to which the subscribi
Page 74 and 75: of “consensus” in this context
Page 77 and 78: The ICoC: A Starting Point Victoria
Page 79 and 80: Strengths The CoC is being negotiat
Page 81 and 82: 59 defence as recognised in the Cha
Page 83 and 84:
Space Code of Conduct.... Only a Be
Page 85 and 86:
effort is the resolution about Prev
Page 87 and 88:
important platform for discussions
Page 89 and 90:
Towards A More Responsible Use of O
Page 91 and 92:
It was also raised by the author of
Page 93 and 94:
d. discussing the implementation of
Page 95 and 96:
ICoC and the Right of Self Defence
Page 97 and 98:
Difficulties of Verification If it
Page 99 and 100:
were conducted under the chairmansh
Page 101:
II. Unique Perspectives Unique Pers
Page 104 and 105:
the Functioning of the European Uni
Page 106 and 107:
countries (as of early 2014) has be
Page 108 and 109:
The ICoC Project: A Way to Avoid Mu
Page 110 and 111:
Second, Internet looks different fr
Page 112 and 113:
The Benefits of an ICoC There are s
Page 114 and 115:
the main cyber powers agree on thes
Page 116 and 117:
Reference A. Kerrest, “Treaty vs
Page 118 and 119:
provides ground-breaking opportunit
Page 120 and 121:
104 scientifically useful orbits to
Page 122 and 123:
Reference Argoun, Mohamed B., 2012.
Page 125 and 126:
ICoC for Outer Space Activities: An
Page 127 and 128:
Addressing Challenges in Space thro
Page 129 and 130:
Making the International Code of Co
Page 131 and 132:
of negotiations and creating more i
Page 133:
III. Regional Views Regional Views
Page 136 and 137:
objects of human origin in orbit ar
Page 138 and 139:
Non-space faring nations could supp
Page 140 and 141:
“Actively participate in the nego
Page 142 and 143:
Space Situational Awareness In the
Page 145 and 146:
EU Efforts for an ICoC: A Mexican P
Page 147 and 148:
ilateral agreements to prevent or m
Page 149 and 150:
aspects of space activities, and is
Page 151 and 152:
that a successful ICoC could weaken
Page 153 and 154:
ICoC and Sustainable Use of Outer S
Page 155 and 156:
due to the Moon race and the Cold W
Page 157 and 158:
such a way as to avoid the creation
Page 159 and 160:
is said to amount to 20 per cent of
Page 161 and 162:
oosting transparency and confidence
Page 163:
Conclusion The concept of developin
Page 166 and 167:
eyond disarmament issues. Therefore
Page 168 and 169:
• • • consistently reinforce
Page 170 and 171:
government and private sectors. The
Page 172 and 173:
Debris Environment The space enviro
Page 174 and 175:
preventive steps that might minimis
Page 176 and 177:
and it must be pro-actively involve
Page 178 and 179:
• • • • • The Treaty on P
Page 180 and 181:
development of international rules
Page 182 and 183:
content of ICoC is beyond the compe
Page 184 and 185:
References Becerra, R. (2013). Cien
Page 186 and 187:
epresentatives in order to discuss
Page 188 and 189:
practices and undertaking confidenc
Page 190 and 191:
• Beijing and Russia have categor
Page 192 and 193:
“United Nations Committee on the
Page 194 and 195:
In that regard, efforts that have b
Page 196 and 197:
aim of investing in space technolog
Page 198 and 199:
and, to a different degree, Argenti
Page 201 and 202:
Treaty on Principles Governing the
Page 203 and 204:
use of military personnel for scien
Page 205 and 206:
Article X In order to promote inter
Page 207 and 208:
Depositary Governments. Such withdr
Page 209 and 210:
One of its efforts is to recommend
Page 211 and 212:
Organisations are encouraged to use
Page 213 and 214:
3.5 Operational Phases 3.5.1 Launch
Page 215 and 216:
(3) High-pressure vessels should be
Page 217 and 218:
each the surface of the Earth shoul
Page 219 and 220:
Article I For the purposes of this
Page 221 and 222:
Treaty, which shall: (a) Accept for
Page 223 and 224:
Version16September 2013 DRAFT Inter
Page 225 and 226:
and global security and stability,a
Page 227 and 228:
• the Space Debris Mitigation Gui
Page 229 and 230:
5.2. The Subscribing States resolve
Page 231 and 232:
• • • • • The Subscribing
Page 233 and 234:
9.2. The Subscribing States resolve
Page 235 and 236:
Noting the constructive debates tha
Page 237:
V. Endnotes Endnotes | www.orfonlin
Page 240 and 241:
20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke
Page 242 and 243:
law are not good. However, if both
Page 244 and 245:
ActaAstronauticaVol. 71, 2012, pp.1
Page 246 and 247:
132. The two monographs referenced
Page 248 and 249:
at:http://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1
Page 250:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-lat
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