The Jewish Historian Flavius Josephus: A Biographical Investigation

point in time when he had already lost direct contact with the surrounding text. At all events,
however, sections 163 - 164 have just as little relevance to the relationship of the Antiquities to
the War as do sections 171 -176; the remaining [text] is nothing other than a systematic
reworking of the War, which can be recognized everywhere as the direct source.
But it was not the War in the form that we have before us [today] that Josephus could
use as his base; because this, for its part, was first brought into its current state by later
expansions. In fact, the entire perception [represented] by the statement of section 211: ἠγάπα
γὰρ Ἡρώδην stands in direct contradiction to its surrounding [text]; to the exact contrary,
indeed, the overall presentation of the War is based upon the sharpest opposition between
Hyrcanus and Herod as we can learn especially from the expressions chosen by Josephus τῷ
φθόνῳ (210), τοῖς ἐχθροῖς (211) and τὸν διάφορον (212), which are used [in description] of the
relationship of the two characters. On the other hand, the view of Herod’s close ties to
Hyrcanus corresponds perfectly to the picture that Josephus projected in the Antiquities, and so
we find here again almost literally, in fact, the sentence from the War that we quoted above:
ἠγάπα γὰρ αὐτὸν ὡς υἱόν (170). Since this idea fits into the context of the Antiquities, [yet] on
the other hand it stands in direct contradiction to the surrounding [text] in the War, then the
source for this lies in the Antiquities; therefore the War [178] has been subsequently
influenced here by the view of the Antiquities, exactly as we inevitably
demonstrated for the section concerning Josephus himself in chapter III
[above]. Josephus therefore had his manu script of the War in front of himself
while he was recording the Antiquities; with this [we] have now proven in a completely
different manner what we have already had to establish repeatedly, [namely] that the War is,
in fact, the source of the Antiquities. In our passage Josephus attempts once again to transfer
the new view of the Antiquities retroactively into the War.
Finding the margins of this insertion in the War was not to be difficult; for the
statement, which it concerns, stands in contradiction to its surrounding [text] in another sense
as well. In section 212 Herod is determined not to obey a new summons [to appear] before
Hyrcanus. This idea really makes sense only if the trial has not yet been settled and for this
reason Herod must anticipate being summoned anew. Thus the acquittal conveyed in section
211 subsequent to the statement examined [above] cannot have occurred yet – this belongs to
Josephus, who could not do enough at that time to vituperate the Herodians.
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